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Apartheid,Religious Pluralism,and the Evolution of the Right to Religious Freedom in South Africa
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Georgia Alida du Plessis 《The Journal of religious history》2016,40(2):237-260
The apartheid history of South Africa contains racial and religious discrimination, both running parallel to and supporting each other. South Africa's exodus from a society of forced religious homogeneity to one of celebrating religious pluralism adds valuable and unique patterns of thought to the promotion of religious pluralism and religious freedom. A brief history is presented of religion within the context of racial discrimination and eventual democracy in South Africa. The current plural religious demography of South Africa is presented to create a sense of the extent of diversity in the country and the extent of religious pluralism that should be considered for today. This demographical position necessitates an investigation into the current legal position on dealing with such a religiously plural state as well as the challenges it presents. This is also necessary in order to present the evolution of religious pluralism in an oppressive state to the right to religious freedom in democratic South Africa. This evolution can also serve as an example internationally to countries struggling with the issue of religious pluralism. The article is also of importance to sensitise South Africa to existing and escalating challenges against religious pluralism within the country. 相似文献
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Ş. Vasiliniuc A. Timar-Gabor D.A.G. Vandenberghe C.G. Panaiotu R. CS. Begy C. Cosma 《Geochronometria》2011,38(1):34-41
We report on SAR-OSL dating of closely-spaced samples from the loess-palaeosol sequence near Mostiştea lake (Danube Plain,
SE Romania). We used sand-sized quartz and a SAR protocol that involved a preheat of 10s at 220°C and a test dose cutheat
to 180°C. It is shown that these thermal pretreatments isolate a quartz OSL signal that is dominated by the fast component.
The behaviour of this signal in the SAR protocol is then documented. The ratio of the measured to given dose tends to lie
slightly but systematically above unity (∼5% on average) and the recycling ratio below unity (∼6% on average); for all samples,
the recuperated signal is negligible. Within analytical uncertainty, the nineteen optical ages are internally consistent and
agree with the predictions from a palaeomagnetic age-depth model. Although it may be possible to optimize the SAR measurement
procedure, the optical ages already confirm the chronostratigraphic position of the uppermost welldeveloped palaeosol in that
it formed during MIS 5. The established chronology allows correlating the sequence near Mostiştea lake with that near Mircea
VodĂ that we investigated earlier. 相似文献
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Robert Csaba Begy Alida Timar-Gabor Janos Somlai Constantin Cosma 《Geochronometria》2011,38(2):93-100
The biggest problem with most lakes that have no contact with other water sources and are being charged by precipitation is
the massive eutrophication. The aim of this work was to determine the sedimentation rate in order to evaluate the progress
of eutrophication for St. Ana Lake (Ciomad Mountain near the Băile Tuşnad in Harghita County (Romania)). The concentration
of 210Pb was determined by means of high resolution gamma spectrometry as well as derived from 210Po activity which was measured through alpha spectrometry; values obtained are in good agreement. For the excess 210Pb activity values between 4.0±0.5 Bq/kg and 218±20 Bq/kg have been found. As an alternative method, the 137Cs dating method was applied as well. Calculated mass sedimentation rates are in the range of 0.06±0.01 to 0.32±0.05 g/cm2 year with a mean of value of 0.15±0.02 g/cm2 year. Linear sedimentation rates yielded much higher sedimentation values (between 0.5±0.1 and 7.9±0.7 cm/year with a mean
of 2.4±0.6 cm/year), due to the predominant organic matter composition and the long suspension time of the sediment. This
is an indication for the process of eutrophication which will probably lead to the transformation of the lake into a peat
bog. 相似文献
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Valentina Anechitei-Deacu Alida Timar-Gabor Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons Daniel Veres Ulrich Hambach 《Geochronometria》2014,41(1):1-14
In this study we present luminescence investigations of four samples of loess bracketing the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5 tephra at the Rasova-Valea cu Pietre site, on the eastern bank of the Danube River, southeastern Romania. Investigations involved SAR-OSL dating on aliquots of fine (4–11 μm) and medium-grained (63–90 μm) quartz, as well as single grain analyses on 125–180 μm quartz. Luminescence dating results coupled with glass-shard chemical fingerprinting assign the depositional age and origin of the ash layer to that of the Campanian Ignimbrite/Y5 tephra, dated elsewhere using 40Ar/39Ar to 39.28 ± 0.11 ka. Fine-grained (4–11 μm) quartz SAR-OSL analyses yielded ages of 44.4 ± 4.5 ka below the ash, and 41.4 ± 4.2 ka above the ash layer. Single grain analysis on coarse-grained quartz, however, demonstrates that coarse material from these samples exhibits low sensitivity and responds poorly to internal checks of the SAR protocol in comparison with the finer sediment. This observation highlights the need for more extensive investigations into the luminescence properties of quartz as well as into the origin of quartz contributions from different primary sources in the Lower Danube loess steppe. 相似文献
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Alida Cantor 《对极》2017,49(5):1204-1222
California's state constitution prohibits the “wasteful” use of water; however, waste is subjective and context dependent. This paper considers political, biopolitical, and material dimensions of waste, focusing on the role of legal processes and institutions. The paper examines a case involving legal accusations of “waste and unreasonable use” of water by the Imperial Irrigation District in Imperial County, California. The determination that water was being “wasted” justified the transfer of water from agricultural to urban areas. However, defining these flows of water as a waste neglected water's complexity and relationality, and the enclosure of a “paracommons” threatens to bring about negative environmental and public health consequences. The paper shows that the project of discursively labeling certain material resource flows as waste and re‐allocating these resources to correct this moral and economic failure relies upon legal processes, and carries political and biopolitical implications. 相似文献
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