“东坡元丰”还是“东坡元祐”?

泉界对北宋的“元丰通宝”多有“东坡元丰”之称,去年的“中国历代货币展览”会上就展出了相传苏轼所书的“元丰通宝”。但也有东坡手书“元祐通宝”的说法,八三年的“上海物资市场报”的“货币丛读”之八,就刊有“元祐通宝”的拓影,认为系苏轼手迹。两种说法那个更接近事实呢?关于这个问题,笔者以管见所及,略谈一二,作为引玉之砖,请泉界专家与同好指正。苏轼(1037—1101)字子瞻,号东坡居士,北宋时著名的文学家。他一生仕途坎     

Population studies

A number of studies have been published about the population change in New Zealand between 1936 and 1986. During this time an intellectual and demographic revolution also took place simultaneously. From 1961 and 1986 the population increased from 2.4 million to 3.3 million mainly because of Polynesian immigration, and the elderly and females also increased. The Maoris became urban. Mortality stayed stable, but fertility declined to below replacement level in the 1980's. Murray Wilson (1988) analyzed the relationship of fertility and mortality in terms of a post-transitional (developed) society like Australia or the European norm of a 2-children family. In his view the youth culture, television, and female aspirations greatly influenced childrearing. Daniel Noin (1988) examined the current state of geographical research on mortality from a methodological point of view finding wide differences in mortality in Quebec, Brussels, Paris, and London attributable to culture. Mosley and Chen (1984) argued that social, cultural, and economic factors to mortality are mediated by individual, household, and community variables. Jones and Moon (1987) dealt with medical geography in the context of the consumption of health care and disease ecology. Momsen and Townsend (1987) addressed the role of women in developing countries stating that gender is socially created and it examined the worldwide subordination of women. In the 1980's a host of other authors have also touched on the subject of the demography of gender analyzing discrimination against female children, unmarried American women, and single parent families. Yet Fahey (1988) stated that gender was only regarded relevant by Australian geographers as a demographic variable.     

瑞典早期关于中国边疆研究概况

随着13世纪蒙古军队越来越接近欧洲,欧洲人便开始注意中国的边疆地区了.在罗马教皇使节普兰·德·迦儿宾及其后继者带着关于这一地区及其民族的第一手资料返回之前,还没有任何人真正了解这一地区。在马可·波罗长期熟悉了解了这一辽阔的疆域返回欧洲以后,公众对这一地区的兴趣进一步高涨起来。但14世纪以后,欧洲对该地区的了解和兴趣又停滞不前了。只是在西伯利亚殖民化并紧接着恢复了与这些地区的接触后.欧洲才又重新燃起了对它     

柯尔萨科沃墓地及阿穆尔河沿岸地区女真人文化说明的问题

女真人,亦即俾丘林所谓的“阿穆尔河通古斯人”的形成和发展时期,在远东地区通古斯语族居民以及突厥语族,蒙古语族邻人,古亚细亚人,高丽和中国(至少在其北部地区)的历史中,该是最有意义的时期之一。女真人在十二世纪初建立了自己独特的国家——金(大金国)。她囊括了辽阔的疆域。北自阿穆尔河起,南到淮河,西起蒙古草原,东到太平洋沿岸。女真人把许多不同语言、不同文化的民族纳入自己的势力范围,并在历史上、特别是在东部以及中部亚洲留下了深刻的足迹。正因为女真人的这一“国家阶段”确属重要,所以有关女真人的文献记载的绝大部分是属于历史的这个不太长的阶段的(自公元十二世纪初至1234年)。本国的(此指俄国及苏联——译者)和国外的一些研究女真人历史