中国傩的源生与流变考论

对中国傩的源生与流变问题的探讨,有助于我们深入理解傩的文化内涵和学术意义。中国傩源起于自然崇拜,""的初始原型当为禳星祈福的女巫,是远古星宿崇拜的一种反映。禳星祈福的女巫是古代方相氏的最初形貌。中国傩在距今约二万年前甚至更早时期便有可能产生。傩由北向南迁移与图腾崇拜有关,""与"隹""鸟"的结合是太阳、鸟图腾崇拜的历史印证,是稻作农耕文化的内在要求。驱""巫仪是鬼神崇拜的产物,方相氏在驱""仪式中以巫的角色担负着驱疫恶鬼禳解邪祟的使命。道教、佛教的兴起与发展丰富了中国傩舞、傩仪的形式与内容,促进了傩戏的产生。     

史前信仰中神龙形象来源刍议

自古埃及以降的闪米特文明都有神奇蛇的信仰,但这些蛇都是克托尼俄斯的神物,代表地下界,从不升天也不飞翔,这种信仰符合蛇的自然本质。中国的龙为天神,既不符合蛇的本质,又和其他古文明崇拜的蛇神形象大异其趣。中国龙的形象来自昆虫。在大自然中,只有昆虫能由蛇体化为鸟形,也只有昆虫能暂死后再生、升天。古人神化昆虫,这实为龙的形象与崇拜来源。不同地区的萨满教,都有崇拜昆虫变形、羽化神能的痕迹。中国先民确有尚虫信仰。中国龙可能更近似于古埃及的金龟蜣螂甲虫崇拜。尽管埃及的金龟和中国的龙崇拜在起源、发展上关联性不大,但两者的信仰观念与象征意义却相当接近。夏禹形貌为虬龙,其名"禹",恰和"虫"同字,故龙、虫义同。     

清代及民国时期西藏地方的丹达神崇拜

本对丹达神崇拜的产生、发展、衰落过程作了考述。认为丹达神源于清乾隆十八年入藏的云南参军彭元辰殉职于丹达山。后这一崇拜为清朝倡导,遂向拉萨、成都及康藏交通线传播;至辛亥革命位于拉萨和成都的丹达神庙才逐渐废弃,而边坝的神庙香火一直持续到20世纪30年代中期。     

日本接受外来文化的基本特点及成因

日本历史上对外来文化的吸收从未间断,但对日本的历史进程产生过重大影响的外来文化及其承载主体,先后都成为日本挑战乃至攻击的对象。日本的对外认识彰显出一种从＂攘夷＂、＂师夷＂到＂制夷＂的逻辑,或者说呈现出从对峙、较量到接纳、学习,再到试图超越的变迁轨迹。日本是一个善于学习模仿的民族,同时也是一个不安分的民族。大国情结是日本对外认知和行动的内在驱动力,也是其历史上对外扩张侵略的主要动因。     

原始农耕信仰与祖先英雄崇拜的现代展演——湖南新晃侗族傩戏“咚咚推”调查

有"中国戏剧的活化石"之称的傩戏"咚咚推"保存了侗族先民遗留下来的多种傩戏剧目,向世人展现了侗族人民各种繁复有序和神秘有趣的习俗,是侗族先民原始农耕信仰的现代展演;"咚咚推"以盘古大王和飞山大王为傩神,除了在表演时对傩神举行各种请、迎、会、送的舞祭仪式外,演出的剧目也表现了作为移民后代的天井寨人为增强家族凝聚力而保持的祖先英雄崇拜。"咚咚推"作为天井寨人独有的一种戏剧形式,为研究南方民族在迁徙过程中的文化传承与文化交融提供了极为难得而生动的活动文本。     

Special Days of Worship and National Religion in the Australian Colonies, 1790–c. 1914

Throughout the period between 1790 and 1914 the governments of the Australian colonies asked their populations to suspend work and amusements and join in collective acts of prayer. Australia’s special days of prayer have much historical significance and deserve more scholarly attention. They had an enduring popularity, and they were rare moments when a multi-faith and multi-ethnic community joined together to worship for a common cause. This article builds on recent work on state prayers in Britain by considering what the colonial tradition of special worship can tell us about community attachments in nineteenth-century Australia. ‘Fast days’ and ‘days of thanksgiving’ had both an imperial and a regional character. A small number of the Australian days were for imperial events (notably wars and royal occasions) that were observed on an empire-wide scale. The great majority, such as the numerous days of fasting and humiliation that were called during periods of drought, were for regional happenings and were appointed by colonial authorities. The article argues that the different types of prayer day map on to the various ways that contemporaries envisaged ‘Greater Britain’ and the ‘British world’. Prayer days for royal events helped the empire’s inhabitants to regard themselves as imperial Britons. Meanwhile, days appointed locally by colonial governments point to the strength of regional attachments. Colonists developed a sense that providence treated them differently from British communities elsewhere, and this sense of ‘national providence’ could underpin a sense of colonial difference—even a colonial nationalism. Days of prayer suggested that Greater Britain was a composite of separate communities and nationalities, but the regional feelings they encouraged could still sit comfortably with attachments to an imperial community defined by commonalities of race, religion and interest.     

Feeding the Mountains: Sacred Landscapes,Mountain Worship,and Sacrifice in the Maya and Inca Worlds

Three texts reviewed here address the linkages between religion and mountainous landscapes in the Maya and Inca realms. Bassie-Sweet provides a thorough analysis of the Maya mythologies of creation and situates its players and concepts within the real world. Besom thoughtfully tackles the place of mountains and child sacrifice within the Andes with a focus on the late prehispanic Inca. Reinhard and Constanza offer a detailed and richly illustrated case study of state-sponsored child sacrifice on a mountaintop in the south of the Inca Empire. Taken together, these somewhat disparate books produce several fascinating parallels in the sacred geographies of mountains and the offerings made to them.     

红山文化"坛、庙、冢"与中国古代宗庙、陵寝的起源

牛河梁“坛、庙、冢”遗址是 5 0 0 0年前出现的一处具有原始王陵和祭祖庙性质的崇祖中心。它的出现表明当时在一个相当广阔的地域范围内 ,建立于公共意志之上的统一宗教神权和族权已经产生。当时的社会统治者所以不惜耗费巨大的人力、物力支出来营建如此规模的礼仪中心 ,其目的无非是借助传统的崇祖习俗 ,通过祭祀近祖和“怀远尊先”等种种形式 ,把原始的氏族、部落心理升华为统一的、新的社会意识 ,从而达到团结部民 ,稳定社会的目的。所以 ,崇祖的实质 ,乃在于尊崇现实社会的当权者 ,这种人物 ,就是后世的王。     

试论中国史前玉器寓意性功能的演变

在中国古玉发展的历程中,史前是一个极为重要的时期,正是从这一时期开始了几千年来中国古玉与人们思想意识相结合的历史,也就是在中国玉器发展史上从自然美过渡到寓意美的阶段.从目前的考古资料来看,史前古玉在同一时期有其发展的统一性,以及不同时期上发展的连续性.也就是说,在同一时期,虽然非理性的表达方式各有不同,玉器里所积淀的社会观念和意识即理性的内容却是基本一致的.据此,史前玉器寓意性功能的发展可以分为三个阶段：史前玉器寓意性功能发展的滥觞期、玉神灵崇拜寓意性功能阶段、玉“神人”崇拜寓意美阶段.     

良渚文化图像玉璧试析

图像玉璧是良渚文化玉器的一种特例 ,对于图像玉璧的探讨亦已有许多大家发表了他们的力作。但是就目前所见 ,人们更多地将视点聚于图像上 ,少了对图像玉璧总体的把握 ,因此很难对这类玉璧的性质等问题形成明确的认识。本文拟对此作一些探讨 ,以求教于方家。一、良渚文化玉璧之功用玉璧是良渚文化的玉质重器之一 ,在良渚文化的大中型墓中可出几件至几十件不等 ,如反山Ｍ 2 0出土 39件、Ｍ 2 3出土 54件、寺墩Ｍ3出土 2 4件、福泉山Ｔ4Ｍ 6出土 4件。近年来 ,玉璧的功用一直是学术界探讨的热点之一 ,这个问题一旦解决 ,无疑有助于对良渚文化时…