Comparing methods for analysing mortality profiles in zooarchaeological and palaeontological samples

In this study, I examine three methods that are currently used for comparing mortality profiles from zooarchaeological and palaeontological samples: (1) histograms with 10% of life‐span age classes; (2) boxplots showing tooth crown height medians; and (3) triangular plots of the proportions of young, prime and old animals. I assess the advantages and disadvantages of each method using data collected on two samples of Northern Yellowstone elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with known, or cementum annuli‐determined, ages at death. One sample was hunted by wolves (n = 96), and the other was hunted by recent humans using rifles (n = 226). I tested each method with the known or cementum annuli age distributions and with age estimation techniques appropriate for archaeological assemblages. Histograms are best used when the relationship between dental eruption/attrition and age is well established so that individuals can be confidently assigned into 10% of life‐span groups, and when more than 30 or 40 individuals are present in the assemblage. Boxplots employ raw crown heights, thus removing the error introduced by assigning specimens to age classes, and therefore they allow the analysis of species where the relationship between dental eruption/attrition and age is unknown. Confidence intervals around the medians allow samples to be statistically compared. Triangular plots are easy to use and allow multiple samples and species to be considered simultaneously, but samples cannot be statistically compared. Modified triangular plots bootstrap samples to provide 95% confidence ellipses, allowing for statistical comparisons between samples. When possible, samples should be examined using multiple methods to increase confidence in the results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深圳市民工作日生活活动时空结构特征研究

选取居民工作日的日常生活活动作为研究对象,通过对深圳市抽样居民的实证研究,分析居民工作日生活活动的一般特征,探讨居民属性与居民生活时间利用和活动空间分布的相关性,比较分析了不同类型及不同地区之间深圳市民日常生活活动时空结构的差异性。     

我国社会结构的变迁与社会法的完善

因社会结构不合理而产生的城乡差别、贫富分化、"三农"问题等一系列"社会病"开始显现,社会立法的缺失成为构建和谐社会的制度瓶颈。完善社会法,保障公民的社会权利,对建设和谐社会具有重大的理论和现实意义。     

构建旅游目的地的文化旅游产品结构体系--以苏州为例

化旅游是苏州旅游的最主要和最重要的组成部分,苏州的化旅游产品很丰富,本借鉴欧洲化旅游发展的经验,构建了苏州化旅游产品的体系。此体系分为三个层次,第一个层次是营造化旅游的氛围,提升苏州的形象以提高苏州的整体竞争力;第二个层次是提供给真正的化旅游的专项产品;第三个层次是大众旅游产品。三个层次的产品只有形成相互依存和相互支持的关系才能使苏州的化旅游上新的台阶。     

对徐州龟山和狮子山汉墓结构的几点认识

本文主要通过对徐州地区发现的两座楚王墓--龟山汉墓和狮子山汉墓结构设计、建造以及陪葬品等方面的讨论,进一步说明徐州地区楚王陵的结构形制特点,使我们对西汉葬制有较为深入的认识.     

长江三角洲都市连绵区城市规模结构演变研究

本文选取长江三角洲都市连绵区7个年份的城市人口规模数据,分别从城市规模等级结构、首位度、城市规模分形以及城市规模的空间演化等层面对城市规模结构的演变进行了分析,初步揭示了长江三角洲都市连绵区规模结构的分布特征和演变规律,并对其空间演变特征进行了总结。     

北京市制造业空间结构演化研究

我国目前正处于快速工业化时期,制造业在城市经济发展中具有举足轻重的作用,其空间结构的演变是城市空间结构演化的重要动力。本文首先简要回顾了新中国成立后北京市制造业空间布局的演化历程,然后利用第一次和第二次基本单位普查数据定量分析了1996-2001年北京市制造业的空间演化特征及其动力机制,最后提出了北京市制造业空间结构优化的建议。     

空铁型综合交通枢纽地区空间演化特征——以上海虹桥枢纽为例

空铁型综合交通枢纽是将航空枢纽和高铁枢纽有机整合而形成的航空高铁一体化综合交通枢纽,具有较强的经济社会带动作用,对区域空间演化产生重要影响。根据复杂适应系统理论,选取上海虹桥综合交通枢纽地区为案例地,分析了空铁型综合交通枢纽地区地域空间演化阶段性特征。结果表明：交通枢纽地区地域系统通过多个适应性主体之间非线性相互作用形成复杂适应系统,该地域系统演化过程可划分为枢纽地区空间形成阶段、枢纽地区空间生长阶段和枢纽地区空间涌现阶段。上海虹桥综合交通枢纽地区在三个阶段特征不同,配套设施建设、要素集聚与流动、城市功能形成与发展、区域品牌形成等方面不断深化。研究有助于认知综合交通枢纽地域系统空间演化规律,为深化研究和实践发展提供科学借鉴。     

Beyond the identification of formation processes: Behavioral inference based on traces left by cultural formation processes

Formation processes are generally considered as a negative factor for behavioral inference in archaeology. The concept of formation processes, however, can potentially be far more useful for behavioral inference in archaeology than simply identifying spurious variability in the archaeological record. Physical traces left by cultural formation processes convey a certain kind of behavioral information which may not be otherwise available. Variables related to site occupation, such as the occupation span, the number of occupation episodes, and the location of activities, can be inferred from characteristics of refuse deposits, or refuse structure.     

STRUCTURE AND AGENCY: CONTESTED CONCEPTS IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

The concepts of ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ have been of central significance to geographic research. This paper focuses on recent debates in critical social geography, and the contributions of Marxist, feminist, and postmodern perspectives to rethinking the structure-agency question. Significant changes in conceptualizing structure and agency are outlined, from early work in Marxist geography to current efforts to grapple with postmodern culture and identity. The paper demonstrates that critical geographic approaches to structure and agency have become more inclusive and nuanced, as researchers have addressed challenges posed by critiques and new perspectives. It concludes by considering the significance of place, space, and social difference in mediating processes of social change and thus in concrete explanations of how the ‘dialectical dance’ of structure and agency unfolds within particular locales. Les concepts de «structure» et d' «action» ont une importance capitate dans les recherches en géographie. Cet article porte sur les débats qui ont récemment eu cours dans le domaine de la géographie sociale critique et sur les contributions apportées par les tenants des points de vue marxiste, féministe et postmoderne dans la reconceptualisation du rapport entre la structure et faction. On y mentionne les importants changements qui ont eu lieu dans le domaine de la conceptualisation des structures et des actions, des premiers travaux effectués en géographie marxiste jusqu'aux récents efforts dé-ployés pour mieux saisir la culture et I'identité postmoderne. Ce texte démontre que dans le domaine de la géographie critique, on voit la structure et faction d'une manière plus englobante et plus nuancée à mesure que les chercheurs se sont penchés sur les défis soulevés par les critiques et les nouvelles perspectives. Nous finissons par évaluer la place qu'occupent I'endroit, I'espace et la différence sociale dans la médiation des processus du changement social - et ainsi dans les explications concrètes des variations de la « danse dialectique » de structure et de faction dans des milieux particuliers.