A new approach to Corystospermales based on Triassic permineralized stems from Argentina

Anatomically preserved mature stems of late Middle Triassic corystosperms from the Paramillo Formation of Argentina are described and assigned to Cuneumxylon spallettii gen. nov. et sp. nov. The silicified specimens show features of the pith, primary xylem and successive rings of secondary xylem and phloem. The most striking characteristic is the anomalous secondary growth, represented by secondary xylem bounded by arcs of secondary phloem probably derived from successive repositioned cambia. Cuneumxylon has two kinds of unusual centrifugal secondary growth. The first shows unequal activity of different portions of the cambium on the circumference of the axes; the consequent restriction of cambial activity to certain restricted areas develops wedged stems, which often split. The second produces polyxylic stems following supernumerary cambial activity. As in extant plants growing in arid regions, the included phloem and the associated parenchyma may have had functional value avoiding desiccation of the outer tissues of the stem during droughts. Anatomical features of other Corystospermaceae were used to determine systematic affinities and to establish relationships among medullosans, corystosperms and cycads.     

旋子彩画小议

旋子彩画以旋子花的变形图案为基础单元,分布在梁枋藻头位置。本文就其类型、适用范围和时代特征等问题作了简要论述,并对清式旋子彩画严格的等级制度作了初步探讨。     

一件淮北市东汉“木侠纻”耳杯的测试分析

考古出土的漆器中,除木胎之外,有自铭“革园”的皮革与麻布为胎的漆器,有自称为“布”“绪”“纻”的麻布胎漆器,有自铭“布缯”的麻布和缯帛(一种丝织物)为胎的漆器,以及麻布夹贴于木胎之上的“木侠纻”漆器。作为夹纻胎漆器其中的一种类型,“木侠纻”漆器与“布胎”漆器在制作工艺上是否不同,二者之间是否存在技术演变关系的问题值得深入探讨。 本工作以2011年10月淮北市出土的一件东汉时期的耳杯为例,采用超景深视频显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等测试手段进行研究,深入了解汉代“木侠纻”漆器的工艺特点。显微结构观察发现在器物木胎与外层漆灰之间有着清晰的织物平纹组织结构,织物层的厚度仅占整体厚度的11.4%,远低于同尺寸“布胎”耳杯织物层所占的比例(后者一般在50%以上)。成分测试分析结果显示,髹漆材料为传统的中国大漆,红色漆膜呈色颜料为朱砂,织物材质可能为苎麻纤维,漆灰成分为SiO₂、NaAlSi₃O₈和Ca₈H₂(PO₄)₆H₂O等常见物质。上述研究结果说明,比较汉代“木侠纻”漆器工艺与“布胎”漆器,在髹漆材料、呈色颜料以及漆灰中矿物质成分等方面并无区别,仅在织物层的厚度所占胎体尺寸比例等方面有着明显差异。同时,本研究中发现“仅在木胎一侧贴附麻布”的做法与文献记载的“两麻布夹贴于木胎之上的木侠纻”工艺并不完全一致。 文章首次采用科技手段从制作材料、髹漆工艺等方面揭示了汉代“木侠纻”制作技术。事实上,从厚木胎斫制到薄木卷制成型,再到以布为胎,胎骨的变化见证了古代漆器水平的进化历程。从考古出土的漆卮、樽可以发现,薄木卷制而成的器型在两端的连接处仅依靠生漆或其他材料,其本身的结构并不牢固。古代漆工们为了防止木胎开裂,在接口处的木胎之上粘贴织物。这种借助于植物纤维的拉力增强木胎牢固性的技术即为“木侠纻”。当然,“木侠纻”工艺是否直接催生了“布胎”漆器还有待进一步讨论,但至少从传统手工业技术发展的规律可以进一步窥探两种工艺之间的借鉴或启示。时至今日,这种工艺在今天的家具、屏风制作中依然广泛使用。     

海洋出水木质文物保护中的硫铁化合物问题

海洋出水的木质文物中通常会沉积硫铁化合物。打捞出水后,硫铁化合物遇到空气和水分后会发生氧化,生成硫酸以及各种硫酸盐,并引起有机质的降解。近年来,硫铁化合物对海洋出水木质文物的危害已引起广泛关注。为此,本工作阐述了硫铁化合物相关问题的研究现状,就硫铁化合物的产生原因、危害以及目前控制方法的研究进展进行了总结,同时评述了针对硫铁化合物的处理方法。     

温度和湿度对乙二醛聚合物加固饱水梓木文物性能和微观结构的影响

乙二醛聚合物加固饱水梓木文物在自然环境或者博物馆存放时,受环境因素如温度和湿度的影响会导致文物发生劣化。本研究采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法研究了乙二醛聚合物脱水加固饱水梓木试样在不同温度和湿度环境中性能与微观结构变化。结果显示,饱水梓木文物材料经乙二醛聚合物脱水加固后,乙二醛聚合物与梓木细胞壁结合紧密,部分填充于梓木细胞内加固梓木细胞壁。试样在25℃和50%RH环境中试验30 d其结构和性能无明显变化。在60℃和50%RH环境中试验30 d,试样内部的乙二醛聚合物逐渐均匀附着于细胞壁且表面平滑,试样横截面断口平整;但试样表面的乙二醛聚合物逐渐消失,暴露出木材本体。在25℃和95%RH环境中乙二醛聚合物吸湿性明显增强,其与水的结合能力高于梓木细胞壁,乙二醛聚合物与细胞壁之间的结合被破坏,失去加固效果,但仍填充于细胞中。最后分析了温湿度对乙二醛聚合物加固饱水梓木性能与结构的影响机制,并提出了试样在吸湿和脱水过程中乙二醛聚合物与梓木细胞壁的结构变化模型。     

Modelling Potential Socio-economic Determinants of Building Fires in South East Queensland

This paper investigates the relationships between areas of building fire incidence, levels of socio-economic disadvantage and the underlying socio-economic characteristics in the South East Queensland (SEQ) region, Australia. Disaggregated fire incident data was acquired from the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service (QFRS) and then aggregated to the Statistical Local Area (SLA) level. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) defined index of socio-economic disadvantage (called ‘SEIFA’) has been used as the basis to identify relationships between socio-economic disadvantage and building fires. A regression model was then developed to predict the incidence of building fires using a range of socio-economic variables. Five significant predictors were identified that include: i) percentage of unemployed, ii) proportion of Indigenous population, iii) families living in separate dwellings, iv) one parent, and v) parent families with children less than fifteen years of age. Results also show that the distribution of building fires varies markedly across the SEQ region, with some of the Brisbane inner suburbs, areas of high socio-economic disadvantage, and parts of inland SEQ associated with relatively high fire rates.     

Stories about building history told by wooden elements – case studies from Eastern Austria

The intention of this article is to show the benefit of an interdisciplinary approach within the various disciplines of building research (architectural archeology, art history, archive research, dendrochronology, etc.).

The exact determination of the age of historical timber is undoubtedly the most important contribution of dendrochronology to building research. The significance of dendrochronological dates is discussed in detail—problems of reuse, repair, drying time, and differences between felling and building dates are demonstrated. Several case studies in Eastern Austria showed a difference of two to four years between felling and building.

To answer questions of where the timber came from, dendroprovenancing was introduced to Eastern Austria. First results showed that it will be possible to differentiate the origin of timber between Eastern Austria and regions where rafts started towards Vienna, via the river Danube. The results showed that it is important to combine building archaeology and archival analyses with the dendrochronological results.     

FLEXIBLE SPECIALIZATION, UNCERTAINTY, AND THE FIRM: ENTERPRISE STRATEGIES IN THE WOOD REMANUFACTURING INDUSTRY OF THE VANCOUVER METROPOLITAN AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA

In this paper, we articulate the relationships between strategies of flexible specialization, uncertainty, and the firm in order to emphasize the internal differentiation of flexibly specialized regions. Conceptually, the paper argues that this variability is an implication of uncertainty which has been neglected in the literature. In particular, in response to uncertainty, firms develop different types of flexibility with respect to production, technology, and employment in sometimes novel ways that do not correspond to ideal types. Empirically, the argument is demonstrated through a detailed examination of several case study firms operating in the wood remanufacturing industry of the Vancouver metropolitan area, British Columbia.
Ceffe étude montre comment s'amculent les relations entre les stratégies de spécialisation flexible, les incertitudes du marché et la firme afin de souligner les différenciations à l'intérieur des régions à spécialisation flexible. De façon conceptuelle, on discutera ici du fait que la variabilité découle de l'incertitude du marché, point sur lequel on n'a pas beaucoup écrit. Notamment, pour répondre à l'incertitude, les firmes développent des types différents de flexibilityé portant sur la production, la technologie et la main-d'oeuvre par des moyens quelquefois innovateurs qui ne correspondent pas à des critères idéals. La démonstration est faite, de façon empirique, par un examen détaillé de plusieurs cas de compagnies de I'industrie manufacturière du bois d'oeuvre de la région du Vancouver métropolitain, en Colombie-Britan-nique.
Mots-clés: Spécialisation flexible, incertitudes du marché, industrie manufacturière du bois, stratégic de I'entreprise, Vancouver.     

海昏侯墓部分木质文物材种鉴定及用材分析

为了解海昏侯墓椁室木材及随葬漆木器木材种类,进而分析其用材特点,分别对木材取样进行种属鉴定。鉴定结果表明:海昏侯墓椁木为樟科(Lauraceae)桢楠属(Phoebe)桢楠(Phoebe zhennan),椁室木门为柏科(Cupressaceae)柏木属(Cupressus)柏木(Cupressus funebris),比较文献资料,推测汉代椁室常用木材即为楠,反映了汉代椁木用材的专门化;受检的随葬漆木器材种均为樟科,包含檫木属(Sassafras)檫木(Sassafras tzumu)、黄肉楠属(Actinodaphne)、琼楠属(Beilschmiedia)等,反映出随葬漆木器用材具有地域性,可能均为本地生产。     

Selecting and Sampling Shipwreck Timbers for Dendrochronological Research: practical guidance

In this article, we provide practical and straightforward guidance for the selection and sampling of shipwreck timbers for dendrochronological research. We outline sampling strategies and present informative figures that illustrate how to proceed in a variety of scenarios that archaeologists regularly encounter. However, in order to fully exploit the potential of tree‐ring research on these objects, we would urge archaeologists to involve dendrochronologists during the project planning phase to carefully plan and conduct adequate sampling of shipwreck assemblages.