Provenance of marble sculptures and artifacts from the so-called Canopus and other buildings of “Villa Adriana” (Hadrian's villa – Tivoli,Italy)

The results of a minero-petrographic and isotopic study carried out on the marbles of statues and architectural elements belonging to several buildings on the “Hadrian's Villa” site (the so-called Canopus, the Peschiera, the Sala dei Pilastri Dorici and the Serapeum) are presented here as part of an ongoing archaeometric project which considers the determination of the provenance of all the marble decorations of the Villa complex. Analytical data indicate the prevailing presence of marmor lunense and the use of Pentelic and Thasian marbles for architectural elements in a few parts of the Sala dei Pilastri Dorici, the Peschiera and the Serapeum; no significant use is made of Proconnesian marble, probably the most inexpensive of the time. Analysis of sculptures from the Canopus showed that those of the Tiber and Nile gods were made of Parian marble, the Caryatids and Telamons of Pentelic marble and the Amazons of the precious white Dokymaean marble.     

What do we need to bring about a financial crisis? A long-term look at the development of banking systems,money supply and crises 1850–2010

Financial crises are not a new phenomenon. We had them in the 18th century; there were several well-known ones in the 19th century, not to mention the crisis which started the Great Depression of the 1930s. The recurrence of financial crises in the last decades has revoked a wave of research on the topic among economic historians and economists. Still, it has been difficult for us to really understand how these crises emerge, why they have been so severe recently and why they have occurred so often in the last decades. This paper tries to explain the phenomenon by asking, how is, and how was the volume of money stock determined, and why does scarcity of money, and thus rising interest rate, not check excess borrowing and creation of speculative bubbles - and then emerging crises.     

The Role of Reading in EFL Writing Curriculum

As an attempt to explore the role of reading in EFL writing classes,the paper aims to prove appropriate reading sections can contribute to writing improvement in EFL context and provide a series of EFL writing instructional recommendations based on the analysis of theoretical and pedagogical perspectives associated with the relationship between reading and writing,the contributions of reading in EFL writing classes as well as the critical reviews of reading-assisted writing.     

激发学生的写作兴趣

根据《语文课程标准》中写作教学的总目标：“能具体明确,文从字顺地表述自己的意思。能根据日常生活需要,运用常见的表达方式写作。”由此可以看出,去除学生对于作文的畏惧心理,注重激发学生的写作兴趣和自信心,养成良好的写作习惯将是初中作文教学的首要任务。现将笔者在初中作文教学探讨中的一些经验拿来与大家同享,希望对作文教学有所裨益。     

“读”与“写”有机地结合

语文教学包括讲读教学和作文教学两大内容。一般的语文教学方法是将讲读课与作文课完全分开来进行教学,认为两者联系并不十分密切,而且也很难将两者有机地结合起来进行教学,于是在讲读课上只进行范文教学,不搞作文教学,关于作文教学的内容或存在的问题则放到作文课上去教授、解决。其结果,无形中留给学生一个错觉,似乎讲读课文与写作文之间没有必然的联系;有的学生甚至更错误地认为不上语文课照样能写好作文。     

怎样写好《中国文学史》的一点建议——读宋人三大笔记有感

编写《中国文学史》,总爱用我们今天的文艺理论来评价古代的文学家与他们的作品,这当然是必要的,因为学术总得与时俱进。但阅读评论古代的作品,必须知其人,而知其人,又必须论及世。我们对那些特定的时代是否能有正确深入的了解,光靠泛泛而言的所谓时代背景介绍是不够的,因此通过宋人的记载与议论去感受那个时代的社会风尚以及领会当时的思想与眼光,这样。我们才能逐渐贴近那个时代,较为正确认识这些作家与作品,以及其时发生的种种事件。本文企图通过宋人三大笔记的相关记载与议论,谈谈北宋文学史的编写问题。     

60年代前期党对知识分子政策的反思和调整

60年代前期 ,党对知识分子政策进行了反思和调整 ,成为贯彻知识分子政策最自觉、最全面的时期之一。 1 958年秋冬至 1 960年党对知识分子政策的反思和重新认识 ,为 1 961年开始的知识分子政策调整准备了条件。 1 961年开始的调整主要从制定科研、教育、文艺的工作条例 ;为知识分子“脱帽加冕”及为被错误批判的知识分子甄别平反等方面进行。 60年代前期知识分子政策的调整 ,范围广 ,力度大 ,措施实 ,取得了良好的效果     

Giving women a voice on decision-making about water: barriers and opportunities in Laikipia,Kenya

In more than 75% of households around the world in which water needs are fulfilled by retrieving water, women are typically tasked with this critical responsibility. This is true in Kenya, and the challenges women in rural areas of the country face are compounded by a lack of reasonable access to safe water by 56.5% of rural households. More than 25% of the population must travel at least 30?minutes to collect water, and 70% of all diseases in the country are water-borne (Kameri-Mbote and Kariuki 2015). Given their role as the primary household decision-maker about water, women have an astute understanding of water availability, access, quality and household use, and women’s perspectives would enhance decision-making in groups that address water resource management. However, women have historically been marginalized from participation in such processes for numerous reasons related to lack of empowerment, leadership, and voice, and the practicalities of the demands on her time that prevent her from having discretionary time to devote to civic processes. In this study, we interviewed 153 women living in three different watersheds in the Laikipia region of central Kenya about their views on water resource management, and interest in participation in water resource user associations (WRUAs) as members and leaders. Our results are consistent with prior research in that marginalization of women from WRUA participation is steeped in entrenched normative beliefs and behaviors about women’s roles and her domestic responsibilities, a lack of money to participate, and a lack of time given her other responsibilities.     

希腊化时期王友刍议

王友在希腊化时期的君主统治中起着关键作用,但国内外学者对王友的本质还存在不同看法,如认为王友是朋友、佣人或士等。从王友的起源与构成来看,王友的任用带有明显的种族歧视;王友与国王的关系是一种基于仪式化友谊而建立起来的复杂的个人关系;王友的功能与作用随着历史的发展从朋友间的互助发展到一个官僚集团。如果把上述关于王友的三个方面与中国战国时期的士进行比较,并进一步分析两者之间的共同点和不同点,可以得出王友是仕,而不是士、朋友或佣人的结论。