明城墙微生物调查及微型藻类腐蚀城墙效应探究

本研究采用扫描电镜观察与生物培养相结合的方法,考察了南京明城墙表面的微生物种群。本研究发现地衣、大型真菌、丝状真菌、蓝细菌、绿藻和硅藻在城墙上大量存在。此外,在无地衣及藓类覆盖的城砖上,核心自养生物以石生硅藻(Achnanthes lauenburgiana Hustedt)和北方羽纹藻(Pinnularia borealis Ehrenberg)为主,并伴生丝状真菌。对城砖生物风化实验结果表明,藻类对城砖具有一定的侵蚀作用(53.65mg/m2·yr)。本研究的结果补充了明城墙微生物种群,及硅藻在陆生环境下风化硅酸岩矿物研究上的空缺,并为明城墙对藻类微生物腐蚀的防治提供了理论依据。     

The Structure and Chemical Composition of Wall Paintings From Islamic and Christian Times in the Seville Alcazar

Wall paintings from the Islamic epoch (10th to 12th centuries) and the Christian monarchy (14th to 16th centuries) have been recovered in discarded materials and on walls after reconstruction works in the Seville Alcazar. These paintings have spent centuries underground or under a plaster coat. Portable X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) and combined XRF/X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were employed in situ, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM–EDX), grazing angle incidence XRD and micro‐Raman spectroscopy, on cross‐section samples to fully characterize the materials in the wall paintings. Using these methods, the fresco technique was demonstrated, and many kinds of pigments were identified in accordance with the various periods of the history of the Alcazar, thus assessing the authenticity of all the wall paintings studied here.     

Rubble Stone Masonry Walls Strengthened by Three-Dimensional Steel Ties and Textile-Reinforced Mortar Render,Under Compression and Shear Loads

This article addresses the results of a structural strengthening solution for rubble stone masonry walls. The strengthening includes inserting three-dimensional steel ties across the thickness of the walls and a 30-mm layer of air-lime and cement mortar render reinforced with glass fiber mesh (textile-reinforced mortar), on both sides of the wall. The strengthening solution was found to be efficient for rehabilitating ancient rubble stone masonry walls due to the “three-dimensional” confinement, provided by the steel wires, by offsetting the low cohesive capacity of the mortar used in the walls and thus improving the mechanical resistance and delaying the collapse mechanisms. This study is part of an experimental research program carried out in Universidade Nova de Lisboa, to evaluate structural strengthening solutions for ancient rubble stone masonry buildings. To this end, three specimens of rubble stone masonry walls without strengthening (unreinforced masonry) and other three, with the mentioned strengthening solution, were subjected to compression and shear load tests. Building materials were also tested in order to characterize physical, chemical and mechanical properties.     

馆藏清代《牧牛图》轴的微生物病害研究

馆藏书画文物易受到微生物的侵害,全面调查馆藏书画文物的微生物病害信息有助于制定相关的保护措施。本研究利用分子生物学方法,对楚州博物馆旧藏《牧牛图》轴上黑色污斑和红色污斑处的微生物进行了分离培养和鉴定,并对微生物的酶活进行了测定。结果表明:书画文物表面污染物中分离得到13个序列,它们主要隶属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、裂褶菌属(Schizophyllum)和根霉属(Rhizopus)。酶活测定结果提示:酯酶、类脂酯酶以及N-乙酰-β-氨基葡糖苷酶等胞外酶与微生物腐蚀相关。本研究结果为微生物对馆藏书画文物的损伤机理提供了相关的数据支撑。     

Assessment of out-of-plane behavior of rammed earth walls by pull-down tests

This article reports pull-down tests performed on rammed earth construction in Bhutan. The pull–down specimens involved an old rammed earth building component as well as a newly prepared rammed earth wall. Both the wall specimens were tested in out-of-plane direction. Theoretical rigid body formulation and finite element (FE) models were developed to predict the response of the rammed earth structures under out-of-plane loading. The validated FE model was further extended to parametric study of material and physical characteristics of rammed earth construction and their effect on critical response quantities. The change in elastic modulus showed effect in the pre-cracking phase of the wall. Density of rammed earth on the other hand affected the post-peak response of the rammed earth wall. Furthermore, an increase in the physical characteristics, namely, the thickness of wall and the vertical superimposed load on top of the wall, enhanced the rocking resistance capacity of the out-of-plane loaded rammed earth walls.     

泰州学政试院头门彩绘的保护与修复

泰州学政试院头门彩绘被清漆和大漆覆盖,由于清漆老化,出现发黄、剥落等病害,使彩绘变得模糊不清。为更好地保护和展示彩绘面貌,通过化学溶胀的方法,有效去除彩绘表面的清漆和大漆,并用隔离膜材料将原始彩绘进行保护,再在隔离膜层上进行彩绘的复原,最后对彩绘进行全部封护。学政试院头门彩绘保护修复项目的成功实施,可以为同类型的古建彩绘的保护与修复提供有益的参考。     

固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱在《江友渚等七挖书画轴》挥发性有机化合物分析中的应用

文化遗产的气味不仅反映了文物的历史信息,还对文化遗产自身产生持续性的影响,因此了解文化遗产的气味对其价值研究和当代保护都具有重要意义。本工作采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱技术对中国国家博物馆藏《江友渚等七挖书画轴》天头用纸散发的气体进行了采集、分离和分析。结果表明：与纸张降解相关的标志物(如脂肪酸、醛、酮等)得到有效采集;而其他生物标记物(如沉香螺醇)的检出也反映了该书画轴的历史保存环境信息。此方法对该件书画轴的历史价值认知和科学保护具有重要作用。     

桃渚城城墙病害初步调研与保护对策探讨

临海桃渚城建于明代,是浙江保存最完好的抗倭卫所城址,全国重点文物保护单位。通过对桃渚城的现存状况进行调查分析可知,城墙目前存在局部垮塌、鼓闪、灰浆流失等病害,其本身的构造缺陷加上降雨和植物生长的共同作用是病害的主要成因。这类问题在东南沿海地区的古城墙中具有一定普遍性。针对这些病害以及桃渚城的构造特点,结合国内一些城墙保护的工程实例,提出桃渚城的保护策略:加强墙体的结构稳定性、加固墙芯填土、增设墙顶防水措施、及时疏改威胁本体安全的植物,可为后续以及同类城墙的保护工作提供参考。     

魂系敦煌──新版“九十春秋——敦煌五十年”选载(一)

新版《九十春秋———敦煌五十年》是常书鸿先生的自传体著作。作者以亲切质朴的笔触,记述了他学习绘画、留学法国、任职敦煌艺术研究所的人生历程;特别是他为保护、研究、弘扬敦煌艺术而经历的坎坷和百折不挠的精神感人至深。全书共八章,本期选载的第二、三章主要写常书鸿留学法国和回国后从事艺术教育的情况。     

装裱与保护历史书画遗产

本文介绍了装裱技术和保护历史书画遗产的关系。