X射线摄影技术在漆下彩画识别中的应用

针对遭到油漆涂抹的传统彩画作品,为了实现对图案的无损提取,本研究使用X射线摄影技术,又称X光成像(照相)技术,利用X射线对不同物质的穿透能力有别,在底片上成像的灰度与物体材质、密度、厚度等密切相关的特点,最终得到分界清晰的黑白图像。此类病类常见于建筑彩画中,建筑彩画意蕴深厚、技法繁缛,极具研究价值,但其中很多关键信息却已失传。经X射线摄影技术辅助,封存在油漆层下的彩画图案得以重见天日,此法与其他修复方法之间形成互补,为漆下彩画的完美修复提供了可能。     

Recovery of a lost wall painting at the Etruscan Tomb of the Blue Demons in Tarquinia (Viterbo,Italy) by multispectral reflectometry and UV fluorescence imaging

This paper presents the results of a multispectral reflectometry and ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence study on the entrance wall of the Tomb of the Blue Demons in the Necropolis of Monterozzi (450–430 bc ) in Tarquinia (Viterbo, Italy), which is a UNESCO site. The technique is based on the acquisition of a multispectral set ranging from 10 to 25 images, acquired at wavelengths between 370 and 1120 nm, with a spectral width of 50 nm per image, using both halogen lamps for visible and infrared images and high‐purity UV diodes for fluorescence. Blind‐source separation algorithms were then applied to the whole image set to extract from the resulting images the details not otherwise visible in the single spectral images. The multispectral technique presented was tested and improved upon over the last decade on ancient Etruscan and Roman wall paintings and, because of its quickness and cost‐effectiveness, it can now be proposed as a powerful tool for the study of poorly conserved archaeological wall paintings and a preliminary diagnostic survey before any future conservation intervention on them.     

Characterization of ancient building lime mortars of Anhui province,China: A multi-analytical approach

The characterization of lime mortars has become of primary importance in order to obtain information about the raw ingredients and building technology of ancient masonry structures. Five different samples from Anhui province, China, representing two types of lime mortar-based materials: joint mortars between the bricks of the city wall and lime mortar sealing a tomb coffin, were collected for analysis. Archaeological information about the samples was reported and studies into the microtextural features and mineralogical compositions of those mortars were performed via a multi-analytical approach. The joint lime mortars between the bricks of city walls, including Mingzhongdu city wall, Mingzhongdu Xihua gate foundation, Zhengyangguan city wall and She county city wall, were found to be aerial lime mortars. The lime mortar from Nanling Tieguai Song dynasty tomb was analysed and found to be a pozzolanic mortar consisting of lime, clay, sand and cocciopesto-like materials. The analytical results serve as a critical reference for the maintenance and restoration of ancient city walls in Anhui province, and as a starting point for searching for ancient Chinese pozzolanic mortars and technology for making those mortars.     

Greenberg’s self-negation

ABSTRACT

This article explores Clement Greenberg’s idea that abstraction is a form of negation in the context of mid-twentieth century homophobia and Jewish self-hatred. Greenberg presents both as a denial of the self, and so aligns the negation involved in abstraction with the self-liquidation necessary for economic progress in capitalism.     

Unveiling the Use of Creta in Roman Plasters: Analysis of Clay Wall Paintings From Brixia (Italy)

The paper describes the analysis of a particular kind of plaster from the walls of the Roman Sanctuary (first half of the first century bce ) in the centre of Brixia (now Brescia, Italy), which is an outstanding example of Roman Republican architecture. The walls were plastered and painted with different patterns, imitating marble panels and curtains. Optical microscopy on thin sections, X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy were performed on several samples of the plaster in order to reveal the execution technique. The palette consisted of glauconite, celadonite, Egyptian blue, and red and yellow ochres. In some cases, an organic compound, possibly a lipidic compound, was present in the external paint layer, as a surface treatment. The plaster contains two superimposed coats: the render coat with lime binder and sandy aggregate; the finish coat with a clay fraction (illite, chlorite, kaolinite), together with calcite from slaked lime and grains of quartz, silicate and carbonate rocks. Although Vitrivius' De architectura reported the use of creta (clay) as daub smeared on reed vaults, the Sanctuary of Brixia represents the first documented use in Roman buildings in a painted plaster laid on a stone masonry wall.     

论中国城墙的起源

中国的城墙起源于原始社会后期,即龙山文化时代。它是由壕沟演变而来的防御工程,并逐渐代替壕沟而成为城市防御的主要手段。
经过夏、商两代的发展,西周时代已普遍筑城,城和国已成为同义词。而且筑城技术也发展到一个新的高度,与今天的筑城方法十分相似。
城和市都兴起很早,二者之间也没有关系。由于西周时代城内设市,就出现了中国早期的城市。"城市"一词起源于战国,即设市之城邑谓之城市。     

安徽繁昌明城砖窑址调查报告

1998～1999年南京市明城垣史博物馆对安徽省繁昌县明代采石场及城砖烧制遗址进行了实地调查,为深入研究明代城砖烧制技术、城砖运输等问题提供了可贵的资料。     

陈洪绶与任伯年的人物画比较研究

本文就明末画家陈洪绶、晚清画家任伯年的人物画的绘画题材、形式等方面进行了比较研究,分析了其各自风格形成的原因及其对后世的影响。     

明南京城墙设计思想探微

文章认为明代南京城墙的平面为“南斗星”与“北斗星”的聚合形态,这一形式是朱元璋、刘基等人在明初各种主、客观条件的影响和制约下确立的。     

Representations of birds in Minoan art

During the second millennium BC , the Minoan civilization was established in the southern Aegean Sea. In Minoan art, especially on Crete, birds occupied a prominent place, and were often represented in wall-paintings and craft objects. Species still occurring on the island, such as cormorants, mallards, cuckoos, owls, hoopoes, and swallows, as well as exotic taxa such as partridges and possible domestic forms such as pigeons, were the subject of artistic inspiration, and they were depicted not only in purely cult contexts, but also in the backgrounds of naturalistic landscapes. The aim of this paper is to reconsider the identification of some of the birds depicted and to discuss them in the context of the environmental conditions and osteological finds from the southern Aegean islands in Minoan times. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.