中部地区城乡收入两极分化程度分析及其时空特征变化

ER型指数测算表明,中部地区88个地市(州)城乡居民收入两极分化程度存在明显的时空变化和地区分异;根据2000年、2009年各地市ER指数值,分别将88个地市分为四大类型区,根据2000-2009年各地市ER指数值的变化情况,将88个地市又分为三类地市,综合分析2000-2009年中部地区城乡收入两极分化程度的时空特征变化。分析结果显示:2000-2009年,中部地区城乡收入两极分化程度越来越严重,绝大多数地市的城乡收入极化程度变化呈现出加速上升或一般化上升趋势,各省城乡居民收入两极分化程度也有很大差别;城乡收入极化程度各类型区的空间分布情况发生了明显的变化,各省收入极化程度变化不同类型区的分布存在明显的差异。     

基于空间再生产视角的西方城市空间更新解析

1970年代西方开启了向新自由主义的转型过程,城市空间的更新变迁都打上了资本积累、资本增殖的烙印。文章将西方的城市更新历程归纳为三个阶段,以空间再生产的视角揭示了城市更新的本质,指出1980年代以来鼓励公共-私人部门共同参与空间再开发成为城市更新的基本特征。文章归纳了西方城市更新的三种模式,并对其经济社会绩效进行了评估,深度解读了其动力机制。最后,文章提出了对中国城市更新的基本判断。     

Slums,Squats, or Hutments? Constructing and Deconstructing an In-Between Space in Modern Shanghai (1926-65)

Hutments—a term used to designate “beggars’ villages,” “straw- house villages” or more bluntly “slums”—became a standard feature of Shanghai’s urban landscape in the early 1920s. Located in peripheral areas, they became a central object of concern by the authorities that governed the foreign settlements in the city. Over time, due to economic crisis and above all war, “hutments” slowly colonized the whole urban space and became a massive housing issue and a problematic historical legacy after 1949. This paper argues that hutments arose mostly from the turmoil of the Civil War period. Their nature changed little from the time of their appearance in the 1920s to the early 1950s. Yet, perceptions and policies over three major periods under study here varied significantly. They were strongly influenced by the discursive constructions and distorting lenses the local administrations formulated around issues of nuisance, public health, and city beautification. Each era carried over the concerns and prejudices of the previous period. Yet, each municipal institution also brought in new cultural and political postures that changed the overall discourse and treatment of hutment dwellers.     

城市社区户外共享空间促进交往的模式研究

本文提出社区尺度上的户外空间主要由半公共空间和半私密空间复合而成,并引入"户外共享空间"的概念,在此基础上分解共享空间的组成要素,剖析共享空间的功能,分析共享空间在促进居民社会交往方面的重要作用。本文按照半公共半私密的特性及空间的主导功能将户外共享空间分成七类,提出这七类共享空间居民交往的模式,以及不同功能主导的共享空间的结构布局。研究表明,共享空间的合理使用是城市生态社区结构和功能在人文关怀上的体现,良好的共享空间设计对营造活跃、融洽的城市生活氛围,推动城市社区朝向生态化和可持续方向发展有不可忽视的作用。     

中国城市贫困的基本特点与脱贫模式探讨

本文通过城市贫困家庭的收入情况、消费情况、社交情况以及城市贫困的社区分布分析中国城市贫困的基本特点。提出三条形成城市贫困的相互影响的机制链条,即由于产业结构调整和经济体制的转轨、社会保障不完善和政府财政实力较弱以及人力资本偏低和市场需求高三方面引发城市贫困。并构建了城市贫困脱贫模式,分析了脱贫过程以及将"内外结合、标本兼治"作为脱贫模式的核心。得出了四个解决措施:一是加强政府反贫困建设,完善社会保障体系;二是提高贫困主体自身素质,强化脱贫意识;三是积极推进再就业工作,完善再就业服务;四是发展非政府组织的扶贫事业,拓宽救助渠道。     

基于层次与等级的城市旅游供给分析框架

在总结和评价已有城市旅游分析思路和框架的基础上,本文提出了基于层次与等级的城市旅游供给分析框架。新的分析框架强调了旅游供给层次和旅游城市等级的重要性,特别给定了层次与等级之间的重要程度,适用于比较城市研究,具有良好的理论张力。本文以苏州、桂林和黄山为例,具体应用和检验了该分析框架,并解释了三市城市旅游发展方式的差异:苏州城市功能和地位的提升促进了城市旅游向结构性增长方式转变;黄山单一的城市功能结构严重制约城市旅游向新的发展方式转变;桂林拥有良好的经济基础,产业发展呈现多元化,具备城市旅游发展方式转变的基础条件,但仍需要在城市旅游核心要素和旅游形象上做相应的调整。发展方式的转变依赖于相应的基础条件,并不是所有旅游城市都具备。城市旅游的发展方式是多样化的,以旅游为单一核心产业的城市旅游发展方式也具有合理性和可行性。基于层次和等级的城市旅游供给分析框架,能够解释城市旅游发展演变,比较不同城市旅游发展的差异,为城市旅游发展方式的研究提供帮助。     

城市规划视角下西安市主城区住宅空间结构演变研究

近年来,住宅市场的空间分异逐渐受到学界关注。本文以西安市主城区为研究区域,以2003年至2009年区内住宅资料为基础数据,分析了西安市主城区住宅空间结构的动态演变规律,并从城市规划视角对住宅空间结构演变机制做以探究。结果认为:西安市主城区内住宅空间结构呈现出数量上向轴线和板块集聚、价格上向多核均衡演变的趋势。住宅空间结构的演变受城市规划的空间战略、产业布局、交通建设和设施配套等影响较大。科学的城市规划能够引导住宅结构逐步优化,使之从单一极化结构向多极多层次的网络化均衡结构演变。     

基于城市日常体系理念的农家乐旅游空间功能结构提升研究——以蓝田县为例

随着城市居民对乡村旅游需求的增长,具有独特空间结构的乡村旅游快速发展。文章从城市日常体系原理出发,提出城乡结合部"城市-乡村旅游空间"的建构成为乡村旅游结构的核心。在分析乡村旅游的发展现状和空间布局规律的基础上,以乡村旅游的主要形式-农家乐旅游为对象,提出了基于"城市日常体系"理念的农家乐旅游空间功能结构及相应的六种农家乐旅游业态模式,并将其应用于蓝田县农家乐旅游提升发展的具体规划中,为我国城市郊区农家乐旅游规划及发展提供了可供借鉴的思路和方法。     

Smart growth strategies,transportation and urban sprawl: simulated futures for Hamilton,Ontario

North American cities have undergone dramatic changes over the last century. Locations that were once inconvenient have become accessible through extensive road networks leading to population decentralization from the traditional urban centre to suburbia, creating polycentric sprawls from once monocentric communities. Hamilton, Ontario is one such city. The decentralization and urban decline of the city is widely attributed to sprawling development. This change in the sociospatial structure creates challenges for transportation planners as we see greater automobile dependency, greater commuting distances and increased congestion. Smart growth policies such as urban residential intensification (URI) aim to increase population densities in the urban core. This exploratory study estimates the benefits of such policies from a transportation aspect. It is predicted that the City of Hamilton will experience household growth of approximately 80,000 households over the period 2005–2031. Using IMULATE, an integrated urban transportation and land‐use model, a variety of development scenarios model this anticipated growth. Changes in vehicular emissions, traffic congestion and energy consumption as a result of URI are examined. Models of the land‐use/transportation relationship demonstrate how increasing population densities within a city's urban centre drastically reduce congestion, emissions and gasoline consumption.     

Urban Governance Under Neoliberalism: New Labour and the Restructuring of State‐Space

Abstract: In the UK there has been a proliferation of agencies at differing regulatory scales as part of the rescaling and restructuring of the state by New Labour, following the neoliberal policies of previous Conservative governments. This raises questions concerning the extent to which New Labour's urban state restructuring is embedded within neoliberalism, and the local tensions and contradictions arising from emergent New Labour urban state restructuring. This paper examines these questions through the analysis of key policy features of New Labour, and the in‐depth exploration of two programmes that are reshaping urban governance arrangements, namely Local Strategic Partnerships (LSPs) and New Deal for Communities (NDC) programmes. We conclude that New Labour's restructuring is best understood in terms of the extended reproduction (roll‐out) of neoliberalism. While these “new institutional fixes” are only weakly established and exhibit internal contradictions and tensions, these have not led to a broader contestation of neoliberalism.