夔州城市形态与空间结构的演变

地处长江三峡中心区域的夔州,其治所由白帝—赤岬城转移到"瀼西",由利于军事防守的险峻之地迁至适于民居及进行商贾贸易之处,它们分别代表军政要塞式与经济、行政功能兼具式两种不同的治所城市模式,其转移适应了峡区政治、军事功能下降和经济功能增强的需要。与此同时,自宋至清末,建于"瀼西"的夔州城成为长距离贸易中转站及地区市场中心,城市形态的形成与变化亦受此影响,特别是为明清时期夔州府城的发展提供了更大的运作空间。城市功能区的"垂直分布"与城外街区的扩展,既与峡区的地理环境相适应,又符合商业发展和人口增殖的需要,是峡区城镇布局的典型形式。     

1954～1958年国家经济建设公债述论

国家经济建设公债是解放初期继人民胜利折实公债后,新中国中央人民政府发行的第二次国内公债。从1954年至1958年连续发行5年,尽管发行规模较小,没有流通性,占国家预算收入比重不大,但它在国民经济基础十分薄弱的条件下,为顺利完成一五计划提供了部分资金保障。全国各阶级阶层都为公债的顺利发行发挥了重要的作用,体现了全国上下对新政权的高度认同和爱国热忱。     

刘少奇关于新民主主义城乡关系的构想与实践

新中国建立前后,刘少奇深入总结华北接管城市工作的经验和教训,及时把天津调研中获得的感性认识升华为理性认识,同时吸纳党内高层关于城乡关系的各种理论观点,对如何实现党的工作重心从乡村到城市的转变,如何变近代以来的城乡对立为城乡互助、变消费的城市为生产的城市,如何促进新民主主义城乡协调发展,如何利用城市引领乡村生产力的发展为向社会主义过渡、工业化及农业集体化的实现创造物质条件等诸多理论问题,进行了较为全面、大胆的战略构想和实践探索,对中共新民主主义城乡关系理论的形成和发展做出了重要贡献。     

Differences in hi‐tech immigrant earnings and wages across Canadian cities

This paper examines the relative earnings and wages of immigrants working in the hi‐tech sector in Canada's cities. Between 1990 and 2000, a sizeable earnings advantage of immigrants over nonimmigrants employed in the hi‐tech sector evaporated, and this change was most noticeable in the largest cities. We use population census microdata to examine the geographical dimensions of this shift. After controlling for individual characteristics, we show that immigrants in the largest and tech‐intensive cities earn significantly less relative to nonimmigrants than those in midsized and smaller cities. We also present results comparing the hi‐tech immigrant wage and earnings gap for the five largest Canadian cities. The findings are consistent with the notion that geographic differences are an important component of the overall earnings gap between immigrants and nonimmigrants.     

The dynamic nature of social disadvantage: implications for hazard exposure and vulnerability in Greater Vancouver

Urbanization and re-urbanization continually alter spatial patterns of social disadvantage and hazard exposure, which in turn affect social vulnerability. The current study explores vulnerability to hazards in Greater Vancouver over a 15-year period (1986 to 2001). Results illustrate how social disadvantage is multi-dimensional and emerges from the social geography of a city. The study illustrates the speed with which both the structure and spatial patterns of social disadvantage can change in cities experiencing rapid growth or redevelopment. The study also suggests that Greater Vancouver does not display consistent patterns of minority- or income-based environmental inequity in hazard exposure, which raises questions about the role of various policies in ameliorating vulnerability to natural and technological hazards .     

Coevolution and coordination: a systemic analysis of the Taiwanese information technology industry

The ‘evolutionary turn’ in economic geography hasled to increasing emphasis on coevolution among technologies,organizations and territories. The weakness of this approach,however, is a focus on broad coevolutionary pictures that payslittle attention to coordination processes that guide interdependentactions on the ground. Using the Taiwanese information technologyindustry as an example, this article suggests an industrialsystem analysis that gives a structural coherence to a seriesof intentional, collective actions. Such a systemic measurehas the potential to extend the evolutionary analysis beyondbroad coevolutions to the strategic transformations of industrialorganizations.     

Positional issues, valence issues and the economic geography of voting in British elections

A body of research has built up in recent years linking thechanging geography of party support in British elections tovariations in the country's economic geography. Consistent withthe economic vote model, government support has been shown tobe higher than average in affluent areas and lower than averagein poorer areas. However, the great majority of such studieshave concentrated on elections between 1979 and 1997, a prolongedperiod of one-party rule. This article argues that this meansexisting research cannot differentiate between the very differentpredictions of positional and valence approaches to economicvoting since both suggest identical outcomes during Conservativeadministrations. By contrasting a period of Conservative rulewith a period of Labour rule, however, the article providesa test of the competing claims of the positional and valencearguments for an understanding of Britain's electoral geography.     

北美自由贸易协定与美墨关系

北美自由贸易协定(NAFTA)的签定是冷战结束后美墨关系发生变化的一个重要标志,是经济全球化过程中的重要发展趋势。美、加、墨通过建立经济合作关系,实行经济自由化、一体化,既有利于三国经济的互利合作,又促进墨西哥的政治经济体制改革,为墨西哥对外经济开放、发展外向型经济提供机遇。但美墨之间由于历史遗留问题以及墨西哥国内依然存在的强烈民族主义倾向,墨西哥经济对美国经济的过分依赖等,使美墨关系还存在不确定的变数。由于墨西哥积极发展与亚太地区和欧盟的经济合作关系,未来美墨关系的发展,以及建立北美自由贸易区统一货币等问题,是对NAFTA的一个严峻考验。     

平城的居民规模与平城时代的经济模式

北魏在平城时代进入了由游牧政权向封建政权过渡的历史时期。频繁的军事征服使北魏政权日益强盛,被不断迁徙到其京都平城的人户数量庞大,平城因而获得空前发展,居民规模达百万。畜牧与农耕并重的经济模式,成为影响平城持续繁荣的最主要因素。     

On Reforming the “Fallen” and Beyond: Transforming Continuity at the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, 1845–1916

The first institution in the United States concerned with caring for and reforming fallen women, the Magdalen Society of Philadelphia and its Asylum provide one window into the many changes that occurred in American culture between the institution's founding in 1800 and closing in 1916. This paper outlines aspects of a contextual, feminist historical archaeology of the Society, focussing on the changes and continuities that characterized the period 1845–1916. The research centers on what each of the Society's constituent groups said (their oral discourse) and what they did (their performance discourse) as they pursued their own cultural agenda and goals. Both resulted in, indeed necessitated, and occurred in the context of the production, use, interpretation, alteration, and replacement of material culture. It remains difficult to hear the voices of Philadelphia's fallen, to understand their perspectives, goals, and strategies, and to cast them as actors, not victims. But a diverse corpus of written records and the women's actions and reactions in the context of the Asylum's architecture, landscape, foodways, and dress code present archaeologists with a unique opportunity to understand a transforming ritual in action.