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961.
    
Abstract: Through a focus on “consumer‐citizenship” this paper foregrounds the class practices inherent in urban regeneration. Using Glasgow's 2014 Commonwealth Games (CWGs) as an illustrative example of regeneration, it seeks to highlight the market‐led processes that underpin state interventions. The paper demonstrates how these processes are implemented to transform “problem people, and problem places” ( Damer 1989 , From Moorepark to “Wine Alley”) into sites of “active” consumption and “responsible” citizenship. Yet, access to this “consumer citizenship” is stratified. In doing so, we synthesise conceptual insights from the Marxist‐influenced gentrification literature and the Foucauldian‐inspired housing renewal literature. We forward this to initiate further academic debate and empirical enquiry on the specific issue of mega sporting events.  相似文献   
962.
    
Studies of agglomerations and clusters in economic geography anticipate strong interdependency between firms and places. However, despite the extensive literature, we lack a coherent micro‐theoretical foundation. The relationship between the rationales and practices of firms remains somewhat unspecified. In this article, we analyse the diversity of rationales and practices in a firm–place nexus. Possible rationales for firm practice are outlined, examining the assumptions of three, main theoretical perspectives in economic geography. This microeconomic approach is applied through an analysis of the two key firms in the Lillehammer skiing industry cluster in Norway. The study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of how the agency of firms influence and are influenced by co‐location.  相似文献   
963.
    
Injuries, whether accidental or intentional, have incapacitated humans and their primordial ancestors throughout time, although the injury mechanisms have become increasingly more technologically sophisticated. Interpretation of injury aetiology among past peoples is challenging, and often impossible, however, clinical research from developing countries provides a useful analogy with which to evaluate trauma or health patterns of an ancient society. This paper presents a systematic analysis of cranial and postcranial skeletal trauma among 223 adults who were excavated by George Reisner in 1923 from the city of Kerma (1750–1550 BC), Egypt's ancient nemesis in the struggle for control of the Nile River trade route. A total of 156 injuries (fractures, dislocations and muscle pulls among the skull, long bones, extremities and torso) were observed among 88 individuals, 48 of whom had one injury only. The skull was the most frequently traumatized element (11.2%) followed by the ulna (8.3%); 2.4% (48/2029) long bones were fractured. The modal distribution of the Kerma fractures was compared to the fracture distributions of two samples from India and Nigeria where falls were the most common cause of injury. Some characteristics of the three injury patterns were shared: males suffered the greatest frequency of injury, the economically active people (25 to 50 years of age) presented the most injuries among adults, and a small proportion of the victims had more than one major injury. However, the Kerma distribution of the fractured bones varied dramatically from the clinical injury distributions: the ulna and skull were among the least frequently injured bones in the modern samples, while the radius, humerus and lower leg were the most commonly traumatized elements among the modern people, but rare among the ancients. The configuration of the ulna and skull injuries at Kerma was characteristic of those associated with blunt force trauma in other clinical assessments and the absence of these specific lesions from the modern samples where accident was the primary injury mechanism presents a persuasive argument for interpersonal violence among the ancient Kerma people. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   
964.
地处长江三峡中心区域的夔州,其治所由白帝—赤岬城转移到\"瀼西\",由利于军事防守的险峻之地迁至适于民居及进行商贾贸易之处,它们分别代表军政要塞式与经济、行政功能兼具式两种不同的治所城市模式,其转移适应了峡区政治、军事功能下降和经济功能增强的需要。与此同时,自宋至清末,建于\"瀼西\"的夔州城成为长距离贸易中转站及地区市场中心,城市形态的形成与变化亦受此影响,特别是为明清时期夔州府城的发展提供了更大的运作空间。城市功能区的\"垂直分布\"与城外街区的扩展,既与峡区的地理环境相适应,又符合商业发展和人口增殖的需要,是峡区城镇布局的典型形式。  相似文献   
965.
新中国建立前后,刘少奇深入总结华北接管城市工作的经验和教训,及时把天津调研中获得的感性认识升华为理性认识,同时吸纳党内高层关于城乡关系的各种理论观点,对如何实现党的工作重心从乡村到城市的转变,如何变近代以来的城乡对立为城乡互助、变消费的城市为生产的城市,如何促进新民主主义城乡协调发展,如何利用城市引领乡村生产力的发展为向社会主义过渡、工业化及农业集体化的实现创造物质条件等诸多理论问题,进行了较为全面、大胆的战略构想和实践探索,对中共新民主主义城乡关系理论的形成和发展做出了重要贡献。  相似文献   
966.
    
This paper presents an approach for extending the study of networking to areas other than daily urban systems. It examines whether key policy concepts of the Flanders Spatial Structure Plan fit in with the geographical structuring reflected in the spatial structure of commuting. The overall pattern of commuting flows is analysed by means of the degree of polarisation, determined on the basis of the number of significant flows and the convergence between two divisions in commuting zones. The development of multi‐nodal patterns on the local and regional level is investigated by consideration of the degree of nodality and openness. In general, the spatial pattern of commuting corresponds to the structure of the overall urban system in Flanders as described in terms of fully developed and fragmental Christaller patterns. Networking has created the three types of urban system already described in the literature; a further fourth type can be recognised.  相似文献   
967.
    
The literature on ghettos has expanded rapidly in the last decade, reflecting the wider availability of census data monitoring ethnic groups. It is an accepted truism that there are ghettos in South Africa. Government planning, particularly in the era of apartheid between 1948 and 1991 was directed towards the creation of such entities. Yet the concept requires some qualification even in South Africa. Ghettos may be defined as places of ethnic or racial group segregation, isolation and concentration and they should exhibit relative longevity. An examination of the six South African metropolitan areas reveals high levels of these indicators. However, they are now generally declining, although in diverse ways that are place and group specific, suggesting the long‐term survival of the African ghettos.  相似文献   
968.
    
This study explores how urban youth fit the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) into their everyday lives. Their virtual mobility may be lasting and have long‐term effects on activity patterns and socio‐spatial structures. We focus on the types of activities that become ICT based, and whether the extended networks fostered by virtual mobility affect local interaction, physical mobility, and face‐to‐face meetings. The study is based on an indepth, two‐wave panel study of young people living in Gothenburg, Sweden, supplemented by national ICT‐use survey data. Results show that young people use computers for one and a half hours per day, and half of this time is spent online. Time spent on ICT use is increasing, and ICT now encompasses a broader range of activities. The Internet is mainly used to communicate with people already known in ‘real life’. Contacts are both geographically far‐flung and very local. ICT use is found to generate additional contacts and communication rather than replace telephone calls and travel.  相似文献   
969.
    
Within regional science there is a need for a general theory of regional economic development, one that evaluates and integrates existing approaches. In this paper, the philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd is used as a basis for conceptualising the contours of such a theory. Contributions of this philosophy especially relevant for regional economic development are functional pluralism and non‐reductionism, interweaving among entities, a broad understanding of the human person and built‐in normativity. While all the aspects are significant in regional economic development, the spatial aspect is singled out for particular attention. Dooyeweerd's philosophy is able to incorporate existing approaches to regional economic development though not without criticising and revising them.  相似文献   
970.
    
The history of urban life in Southern Italy during the eleventh and twelfth centuries was particularly disjointed. At varying points many of the regions' cities were subject to the domination of petty Lombard princes, Byzantine emperors, Norman dukes and, as one passes into the twelfth century, Sicilian kings and German emperors. This paper uses the case of the northern Apulian city of Troia to show that, below this surface of political discontinuity, it is possible to discern a different understanding of an urban history. In highlighting the significance of the economic development of Troia's surrounding territory and the manner in which this created a damaging rivalry with the neighbouring settlement of Foggia, this essay emphasises the need to take into account local (and not only wider-ranging political) influences on the shaping of medieval south Italian urban life. In this context the paper also considers the importance of the development of a stable local government and a burgeoning civic conscience at Troia.  相似文献   
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