Gender, nature, empire: women naturalists in nineteenth century British travel literature

Among the many British women abroad in the late nineteenth century were a number of travellers who toured the American West with a naturalist's pen and sketchbook. California, with its giant sequoias and redwoods, scenic Yosemite Valley and Sierra Nevada, and the Mediterranean flora of the southern coasts, especially attracted travellers with a naturalist orientation. We examine the botanical and naturalist writings and art of two well-known (and well-heeled) world travellers – Constance Gordon Cumming and Marianne North – and another more obscure British aristocrat, Theodora Guest, sister of the Duke of Westminster, who travelled in California in the late nineteenth century. We examine relationships among these elite women's association with the Romantic aesthetic and naturalist traditions, natural sciences, class-based associations between women and flowers, and emergent environmentalism. The works of these women indicate the process by which natural history rhetorics and styles became embedded within gender, class, and imperial relations; and how the division of natural history into professional and amateur domains relegated women to discursive margins.     

基于腾讯位置数据的中国城市居民航空出行时空特征

随着中国经济社会的快速发展,航空出行成为居民出行方式的重要组成部分,并影响着城市格局。本文基于2019年4月28日—5月10日国内215个机场的腾讯定位请求数据,分析中国城市居民在工作日和五一假日两个场景下的航空出行时空特征,进而探究其与城市格局的关系。结果表明：①中国城市居民航空出行在空间上,总体呈现东部沿海高于内陆地区,且中部地区相对较低的特点;②在时间上,多集中在工作日,且京津冀、长三角、粤港澳大湾区、成渝等经济发达地区的中心城市更偏向“工作日优势型”,而中部地区及西南部地区的非区域中心城市更偏向“假日优势型”,并呈现以24小时为周期的下降、上升和波动的日变化,与工作日相比,五一假日提前2小时进入波动期,且居民假日航班时间选择更偏向在下午3点和晚上8点前后;③在工作日和假日两类场景下,所呈现的聚类等级分化与其所在城市规模之间关联性较强,在一定程度上接近城市金字塔的规模等级分布特征。     

转型时期制约我国旅行社业市场绩效的原因探析——基于竞争有效性与所有权有效性双重视角

我国旅行社业整体绩效水平低下的深层原因是市场竞争失效和所有权结构失效导致旅行社企业无法有效地成长,实现规模化经营。因此,提升我国旅行社业整体绩效水平的根本是,变革旅行社业产业制度环境并同时推进旅行社业所有权结构改革,从而建立有效的竞争市场环境和有效的所有权结构。     

旅行社产品需求个性化和网络采购

本从旅行社产品原材料的特点和旅游需求个性化趋势对旅游产品的影响的角度,分析了利用网络技术进行旅行社产品生产的必要性,并探讨了旅行社网上采购的B2B模式。     

导游人员职业道德行为的维度与影响因素

导游人员的职业道德直接影响旅行社的服务质量和旅游目的地形象。本研究通过实证调研,发现：我国导游人员的职业道德行为是一个多维概念,包括职业形象维护、合理导购、服务质量保障、守法行为等多个组成成分;导游人员感知的组织伦理氛围对四类职业道德行为有显著的正向影响,即处在高伦理标准的旅行社中,导游人员更可能表现出符合职业道德标准的行为;组织的员工工作结果控制系统对导游人员的两类职业道德行为＂合理导购＂和＂守法行为＂有显著的负向影响。     

试论旅行社的危机管理

对旅行社的危机管理是一个重要而又陌生的课题。本通过对旅行社危机形式的分析,说明了旅行社危机的存在和对其进行科学管理的必要性,并提出了对旅行社进行危机管理的原则和措施。     

客源地—目的地关系质量对游客多分类旅游意愿的影响机制研究——以大陆赴台湾潜在客源市场为例

客源地—目的地关系和游客的旅游决策是旅游营销研究中的重要议题。本研究基于联想网络理论,构建了关系质量、多分类旅游意愿、游客风险倾向等变量之间的融合影响机制,以大陆赴台湾潜在客源市场为例,依托问卷调查数据,采用结构方程模型进行建模和检验。研究表明:(1)消极化的客源地—目的地关系质量通过直接效应和旅游形象的中介作用负向影响游客对目的地的旅游意愿(赴台旅游意愿);(2)消极化的关系质量负向影响游客的基础旅游意愿(出境旅游意愿),并强化了替代旅游意愿(非台湾旅游意愿)的替代作用;(3)低风险倾向游客的多分类旅游意愿受消极化关系质量的负向影响更强。本研究拓展了联想网络理论的应用领域,揭示了客源地—目的地关系质量对多分类意愿的影响机制。     

From Domus to Polis: Hybrid Identities in Southey’s Letters from England (1807) and Blanco White’s Letters from Spain (1822)

ABSTRACT

Robert Southey’s fictive travelogue, Letters from England, by Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (1807), inspired several imitators, most importantly José María Blanco White with his Letters from Spain (1822). These works rejuvenate a fictional device popularised by Montesquieu’s Persian Letters—the “familiar stranger”—at a crucial juncture when British involvement in the affairs of Europe provoked a reassessment of pre-Revolutionary cosmopolitanism. The stranger as home-interpreter calls attention to an emerging emphasis in European Romantic thought on the contingency of freedom with hybrid, mobile identities, prefiguring the psycho-social-historical terrain in which Jean-François Lyotard and Dean MacCannell link modernity with travel and tourism. This essay argues that the Romantic figure of the foreign traveller expresses a condition of travel, reflecting Lyotard’s critique of human contingency in his essay “Domus and the Megalopolis.” Southey’s sympathetic stranger modulates a conversation with Wordsworth about the nature of modern subjectivity, historically contingent yet paradoxically liberated from historical particulars. Blanco White’s Letters from Spain demonstrates how displacement, emigration, and expatriation become refigured as conditions of the modern psyche, especially visible in moments of political crisis, when the cosmopolitan polis is immobilised by the myth of the domus.     

The challenge of the spaceship: Arthur C. Clarke and the history of the future, 1930–1970

Arthur C. Clarke’s 1946 essay on ‘The Challenge of the Spaceship’ was one of the founding manifestoes of the Space Age, and helped to establish him as the West’s leading techno-prophet. Restating his ideas in subsequent factual and fictional works, Clarke successfully propagated the belief that man’s destiny lay in space and that the process was already underway. On the surface Clarke’s oeuvre offers a classic astrofuturist model of progress as technology-driven, but on closer examination it also incorporates a more pessimistic, historically based strand of philosophy, British rather than American. This essay traces the genesis of Clarke’s early work and the influence upon him of the historian Arnold J. Toynbee and the moral philosophers Olaf Stapledon and C.S. Lewis. Toynbee was essentially a Christian pessimist who believed that western civilization was on the way out; his long historical perspectives were an important source of inspiration for Clarke, leading him to a cyclical rather than a simply progressive model of history which contemplated both the beginning and the end of civilizations. The concerns of Stapledon and Lewis with grand narratives of decline and redemption were also influences on Clarke. All this needs to be understood in relation to both the European experience of World War I and to the coming of the atomic bomb, the latter a profound influence on Clarke’s generation. Such perspectives gave European astroculture a more modulated vision of the human future in space than the technologically based astrofuturism which dominated in the USA.     

Aerial screens

This article traces a history of inflight entertainment in order to examine the relationship between globalization, the urban imaginary and contemporary modes of travel. I rely on the many meanings of the word ‘screen’ to launch my analysis of the role of inflight entertainment in post-World War II air travel. Rather than examine the material displayed via inflight entertainment technologies, I take the installation of these technologies on aircraft as signifying particular attitudes airlines had toward their passengers, as well as larger struggles and negotiations over the meaning of travel. These coalesce in a cosmopolitan identity that takes the world to be easily accessible and readily visible, the desire of airlines to keep their passengers mollified and calm, and an emergent conception of travel as effortless activity.