Unpicking the web: the divorce of Ecgfrith and Æthelthryth

The concept of a woman who is a ‘peace-weaver’ is known chiefly from Anglo-Saxon literature, yet is also a role that must have been reflected in the actual marriage alliances among the Anglo-Saxon dynasties. This article considers how networks of marriage and kinship may have functioned among the Anglo-Saxons of the late seventh century, and to what extent a woman could have real value in the role. It takes as starting point the historian Bede's account of how the marriage of Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, and his wife, known to history as St Æthelthryth, was dissolved on grounds of non-consummation. Bede's claims that Ecgfrith was reluctant to let his wife go, sometimes dismissed as hagiographic convention, are here taken seriously and used to explore what reasons Ecgfrith might have had to want to maintain the marriage by looking at the politics of peace and war in the English kingdoms of the period, the role played by seventh-century marriage ties in relations between kingdoms, and what the value of such a marriage and the consequences of dissolving it may have been.     

Constructing Sustainable Rural Landscapes: Oil Mallees and the Western Australian Wheatbelt

This paper considers the landscapes of the Western Australian wheatbelt and the possibilities for sustainability signified by the Oil Mallee Project. The Oil Mallee Project aims to develop commercially viable tree crops for the low rainfall wheatbelt region as a means of profitably managing dryland salinity. Interviews with farmers and other stakeholders in the Oil Mallee Project and agriculture are analysed to reveal important elements of landscape construction in the wheatbelt and stages in the emergence of the Project. These elements include historical land clearing, international chemical and machinery companies and the technologies they supply, land of marginal economic productivity, global food markets and alley farming systems. The paper uses material semiotics and actor‐network theory in describing the networks of relationships that shape wheatbelt landscapes. Breakdowns in the dominant networks of industrial agriculture provide spaces for the Oil Mallee Project to build relationships that reconnect industrial systems to the specific ecology of the wheatbelt landscape. However, the networks of industrial agriculture remain powerful and the Project has worked strategically to become integrated with existing agricultural systems, rather than aiming to directly resist or entirely displace dominant patterns of production in the wheatbelt.     

Computing geochemical mass transfer and water/rock ratios in submarine hydrothermal systems: implications for estimating the vigour of convection

A method of calculating chemical water/rock ratios is presented that enables the estimation of fluid velocities in open, flow‐through hydrologic systems. The approach is based on relating the gain/loss of a chemical species per kilogram of solid phase to the loss/gain of that species in the fluid phase, integrated across a specified length of the flowpath. After examining the underlying approximations of the approach using a one‐dimensional model of seawater moving through a basalt under nonisothermal conditions, the method is applied to representative zones within a two‐dimensional hydrothermal convective system. The method requires that regions within the flow system can be identified in which the direction of flow is steady for an extended period of time. Estimates of fluid velocity are spatial and temporal averages for the length of the flowpath used in the calculation. The location within the flow system and the nature of the alteration reactions determine which species can provide reliable values of the chemical water/rock ratio and useful estimates of fluid velocities. Over the length of the flowpath considered, the calculation of water/rock ratios works best when a species is controlled by a single reaction. Accurate estimates are favoured if the concentration profile of a species along the flowpath increases or decreases monotonically. If the length of the flowpath extends over more than one reaction zone, then erroneous estimates of the water/rock ratio and fluid velocity are more likely. Model calculations suggest that the quartz/silica system should provide reliable estimates for fluid velocity under a wide range of temperature and flow conditions, in particular in those regions of a system at or near quartz equilibrium, so that the aqueous silica concentration is buffered by quartz and correlated with the temperature distribution.     

Saharan dust: sources and trajectories

The Sahara is the world's largest source of aeolian desert dust, but precise information on specific sources of this material is poor and sometimes contradictory. This paper uses daily data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) for 1999 to identify source areas for major dust events and their trajectories of long-range transport. Two major source areas are identified: the Bodélé depression and an area covering eastern Mauritania, western Mali and southern Algeria. Both of these major dust sources are primarily driven by natural factors since they are little affected by anthropogenic activities.     

基于煤炭调运途径优化的江苏省煤炭物流基地建设

江苏省煤炭资源供需呈生产量小、消费量大,对外依存度不断加大的态势,并且在煤炭调运中省内"北煤南运"运量大、运距长,省外煤炭供应基地较远,大多数铁路线运力已饱和,运输方式、流向单一等一系列问题突出。通过对江苏省煤炭供需和调运中存在问题的分析,提出其煤炭调运途径优化的总体思路是,充分利用国家北煤南运的"海上通道"减轻铁路运输压力,发挥江苏临海沿江的港口优势降低运输成本,建设煤炭物流基地优化调运格局,论文最后论述了建设四大煤炭物流基地的构想:1、以连云港、徐州港为中心的北部煤炭物流基地;2、以盐城港为中心的沿海煤炭物流基地;3、以南通港为中心的"海进江"煤炭物流基地;4、以南京港为中心的沿江煤炭物流基地。     

从地理空间到复合式空间——信息网络影响下的城市空间

分析了城市在地理空间、网络空间上存在的相互依赖关系以及这二者之间复杂作用关系,说明网络空间并非地理上城市空间功能的简单延伸,也并非现实空间的简单镜像;信息社会的城市空间是一种地理空间与网络空间相互依存、相互交织的复合式空间。城市空间仍然具有重要的地理学意义,地缘上的差异以新的方式体现出来。     

中原经济区复杂产业网络结构特征及演化

基于城市流和连锁网络模型,构建了2000年、2005年和2013年中原经济区复杂产业网络的有向拓扑结构图模型,借助复杂网络相关理论和方法及PAJEK软件,分析了中原经济区复杂产业网络的结构特征和演化特征。结果显示:1中原经济区产业发展过程中存在一定程度上的"马太效应",网络呈现出无标度网络的"择优增长"特征。2郑州、信阳和邯郸在中原经济区复杂产业网络中具有良好的资源控制能力和重要的地位,网络水平发育不明显,产业网络密度偏小。3在中原经济区复杂产业网络中,产业度与产业集聚系数表现出反向关联,与介数中心性呈现正向关联。4中原经济区产业网络随着经济社会的发展朝着更加复杂化的趋势发展。     

旅游地公共交通性能的游客感知研究——以黄山市为例

以黄山市为案例,研究了旅游地公共交通性能感知维度及其游客满意度水平。结果显示:(1)利用游客对黄山市公共交通性能各要素的重要性评价数据,得出黄山市公共交通性能的维度由"公共交通的时间性"、"公共交通的便捷性"、"公共交通的合理性"、"公共交通的安全性"等构成。(2)在游客对黄山市公共交通性能的满意度评价上,游客对黄山市公共交通性能18个要素的满意度评价均在3.4以上,对黄山市公共交通整体满意度也为3.66;从维度上看,"公共交通的安全性"评价最高(均值为3.81),其次是"公共交通的时间性"(3.6),"公共交通的便捷性"和"公共交通的合理性"分别为3.57和3.5;同时回归方程分析表明,"公共交通的时间性"和"公共交通的便捷性"2个维度对黄山市公共交通整体满意度产生显著影响。(3)分析得到游客对黄山市公共交通性能各要素的重要性和满意度评价的IPA方格图,包括优势区(含8个公共交通性能要素)、弥补区(含3个要素)、忽略区(含6个要素)、保持区(含1个要素)。     

Interpreting Enterprise,State, and Society: A Critical Review of the Literature in Modern Chinese Business History, 1978–2008

This article offers a critical review of literature in the area of modern Chinese business history from 1978 to 2008. It focuses on four interconnected topics: (1) the evolution of industrial capitalism, (2) the adoption of corporate hierarchies and/or social networks, (3) the change of financial institutions and monetary system, and (4) the development of state-owned industries and the formation of the (central) state enterprise system. The review reveals not only significant growth of the field of modern Chinese business history over the last three decades but also the existence of major gaps. The article concludes by considering the implications of its findings for understanding the political economy of business enterprises and enterprise systems in different national and historical contexts.     

Factors controlling free thermal convection in faults in sedimentary basins: implications for the formation of zinc–lead mineral deposits

Stratiform sediment‐hosted Zn–Pb–Ag mineral deposits constitute about 40% of the Earth's zinc resources ( Allen 2001 ), and in most cases their genesis involves the discharge of basinal brines near or on the seafloor through syndepositional faults ( Sangster 2002 ). From the point of view of base metal exploration, it is therefore essential to identify all possible faults that formerly carried the upwelling ore‐forming solutions during mineralising events. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the relative importance of various physical parameters in controlling fluid discharge, recharge and heat transport in faults. A two‐dimensional, free convection of pure water, hydrogeological model is developed for the McArthur basin in northern Australia based on the surface geology, known stratigraphic and structural relationships and regional geophysical interpretations. Numerical experiments and sensitivity analyses reveal that faults with strong initial heat input, due to depth of penetration or magmatic activity, are the most likely candidates to carry discharge fluids to the sites of metal precipitation. Deeper, wider and more permeable faults are more likely to behave as the fluid discharge pathways, whereas shallow, narrow or less permeable faults act as marine water recharge pathways. Compared with these fault‐related factors, aquifer physical properties are less important in determining fluid flow patterns and the geothermal regime. These results are an important step in understanding hydrothermal fluid flow in sedimentary basins in order to develop effective exploration criteria for the location of stratiform Zn–Pb–Ag deposits.