Ultramodern contraception

The measured success of family planning policy in the developing world rests on increases in the ‘modern’ methods of contraception. By extension, ‘traditional’ methods of contraception are equated with traditional mentalities and insufficient motivation to control fertility. But contraceptive use differentials in India suggest that in fact it is the most ‘modern’ women (those with a college education and living in urban areas) who are the most likely to use these traditional methods of birth control and to use them very efficiently as well. The paper locates this counter-intuitive preference among urban, educated women in what may be called ‘ultramodern’ attitudes to the body and to modern medicine and tries to situate such modernization in the contemporary developmental paradigm. Finally, the paper implies that population policy and contraceptive research may be unduly attributing contraceptive ineffectiveness to the users of traditional birth control today.     

Legal Geographies of Intellectual Property, ‘Traditional’ Knowledge and Biodiversity: Experiencing Conventions,Laws, Customary Law,and Karma in Thailand

This article explores the existence of customary laws relating to ‘traditional’ knowledge of plants in Thailand through micro‐ethnographic case studies. This is juxtaposed against global and national frameworks of intellectual property laws that have a privatising effect on knowledge under the rubric of discovery or ‘invention’, as well as liability rights approaches of compensation and benefit‐sharing for research access. By understanding scale and legal jurisdiction as socially and politically constructed phenomena, we explore how laws at different scales and in different jurisdictions may override each other, discriminate against foreign laws and practices, and ignore customary laws. In doing so, the paper presents complex legal geographies of plants and associated knowledge, which suggest that the customary laws and norms of Indigenous groups and traditional healers are often ignored by ‘outsiders’. The paper notes that the possibility of ‘injury’ to traditional healers remains considerable without appropriate consent and given the discriminations surrounding knowledge made by patent laws. However, the ethnographies also point to the possibility of local remedies to these injuries through ritual processes, and we note resistant co‐constitutions of law and scale through the Nagoya Protocol.     

Picturing Austria–Hungary. The British Perception of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1865–1870

In the late 1960s a Joint Nordic Co-operative Assistance Project was established in Tanzania. Its objective was to promote co-operative development in Tanzania based on Nordic experiences in the field. The project's effort to export Nordic co-operative ideas and traditions to Tanzania soon encountered major problems as the Government of Tanzania (GoT) launched a villagization process in the beginning of the 1970s, which sought to move the entire peasant population into ujamaa villages. The resettlement effort was implemented with the use of force and coercion and implied a dismantling of the traditional co-operative structures in Tanzania. This article finds that the Nordic countries helped facilitate GoT's compulsory policy by adjusting and restructuring the project to GoT's villagization strategy, despite the fact that the primary objective of the project was no longer present. As the article will reveal, there was a clear concern in the Nordic aid administrations that the Nordic project could be linked with the politics of coercion ingrained in the ujamaa policy.     

中国画的欣赏、鉴赏和创作

从中国画欣赏和创作的角度,谈中国画的本质特征,国画与西方绘画的关系、与中国古典哲学的关系,中国画的审美境界、中国笔墨文化等等,说明中国画是淡泊,养生,向善的艺术。强调“文”是进入中国画创作和欣赏的门槛,也是沟通画家和社会的桥梁。     

Intangible heritage embodied and Intangible heritage

Over the past decade, intangible cultural heritage (hereafter, ICH), the significance which it possesses and the continuation of its myriad manifestations have reached unprecedented levels of recognition and attention on international and national policy agendas. Traditional Medicine (hereafter, TM) has long been included under the vast umbrella of ICH, yet there have been few attempts to explore that relationship. This paper examines the practical implications of applying the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Heritage to TM, alongside the relationship of traditional medicine to the fields of human rights, public health and development. It considers, and reaches the conclusion that the cultural significance of traditional medicine combined with the fundamental principles of the Convention render the Convention significant in safeguarding traditional medicine for the future.     

客家传统聚落景观基因识别及其地学视角的解析

根据景观基因理念,借助聚落形态学的方法,遵循地学中的内在唯一性、外在唯一性、局部唯一性和总体优势性等原则,可以从民居特征、布局形态、主体性公共建筑、参照性环境因子、客家装饰、建筑脸面、建筑色彩、墙头造型等方面识别出客家传统聚落的景观基因特征,这与客家传统聚落的自然环境、客家精神、传统观念、历史文化交融、社会氛围等地学因子密切相关。     

中国传统体育运动起源与发展的地理诠释

中国传统体育运动项目繁多、历史悠久,其起源和发展具有明显的地域性。本文初步探讨了中国传统体育运动的地理学特征,并对一些主要项目的起源与发展从不同的地理环境角度进行实证分析。本文指出在分析地理条件对传统体育运动的影响时要注意统一性和多序性。     

中国传统文学在新马的传播--兼论土生华人的作用

中国传统文学在新马流播极早,它们主要是通过早期劳工口头传播、私塾授受传播、文人沙龙传播、华人社团传播、峇峇群落马来文翻译传播等渠道,使中国传统文学在当地被广泛接受,中国传统文化得以延续.中国文学由此对当地的华人与华文文学产生巨大的影响.     

中国传统文化与马克思主义的早期传播

马克思主义在中国早期的广泛传播具有多方面的原因,其中一个非常重要的原因,就是中国传统文化与马克思主义思想体系有着某些契合点。例如,中国社会原有的均平理想、人学思想、经世致用思想和敢于斗争的传统等。这些都是中国文化中的一些民主性精华,为马克思主义在中国的早期传播和发展提供了适宜的文化土壤。     

信息通讯技术对城中村女性居民活动空间的影响研究

21世纪以来,信息通讯技术（ICT）的飞速发展对居民日常生活产生了深刻影响,导致居民日常活动时空特征的重构。本研究利用北京城中村居民问卷调查数据,探究ICT影响下的城中村女性居民的活动空间。首先,通过归纳城中村女性居民网络活动特征,发现具有年轻、未在婚姻关系内、受教育水平高、经济状况较好等人口学和社会经济特征的女性是进行上网活动的主体人群。其次,运用计量模型探究ICT影响下的城中村女性居民的活动空间,发现ICT不是居住空间选择的影响因素但能减小女性休闲娱乐活动空间的制约。此外,网络购物对实体购物的补充作用大于替代作用。随着ICT影响的日益扩大,本文的研究结论对于政府制定相关政策和城市规划管理具有较强的现实意义。