西方遗产诠释思想述要

遗产诠释是一种旨在揭示文化和自然遗产内涵及价值的行为,其功能包括遗产保护、旅游管理、休闲娱乐、教育、宣传等。对遗产诠释的研究源于美国,自提尔顿以"通过诠释,以致了解;通过了解,以致欣赏;通过欣赏,以致保护"为中心的诠释思想奠定了西方遗产诠释理论研究的基础后,遗产诠释研究随即在英国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家发展起来。现在,西方已经形成一系列的诠释理念和经验。介绍和梳理西方有影响的诠释思想,可为中国的遗产诠释研究和实践工作提供参考和借鉴。     

Going for Wombat — Transformations in Wirangu and the Scotdesco Community on the Far West Coast of South Australia

ABSTRACT Becoming an object of touristic interest is only one of a series of ways that Aboriginality is being transformed in contemporary Australia, as the space opens up for individuals and groups to reposition themselves as Aborigines within the nation, with a distinctive culture in various forms. The nation's appetite for Aboriginal ‘culture’, within desirable limits (Povinelli 2002) and energised by a sentimental politics (Cowlishaw 2010), continues to grow. There is, however, a destructive flip side to the politics of difference being played out within Aboriginal societies. This is evidenced by the many battles for access to or control of ‘cultural’ resources for their commercial benefits or collective survival value. In many places communities or groups are faced with the terrible choice of distinction or extinction (Comaroff & Comaroff 2009). That is, they must find, and make alienable, something distinctive about themselves or face collective extinction. How one Aboriginal community is responding to these threats and challenges is the subject of this paper. This paper also adds to the growing literature on ethno‐commercialisation by focusing on the central role of language in these processes.     

“玄奘画像”解读——特别关注其密教图像元素

西安兴教寺所存玄奘石刻像与日本现存无名氏画玄奘像,所携带的历史信息超出了图像本身。作者认为,这一源于早期行脚僧图像的出现,是由于玄奘西行求法的成功,刺激了社会民众对行脚僧的认同,加之西来传法僧的大量涌现,于是在唐末、尤其是在宋代,出现了一批行脚僧图像,并由初时的胡僧梵相,变为汉僧模样,进而附会到玄奘的图像创作上。而在日本所存著名的"玄奘画像",事实上可能是一个具密教性质的僧人图像。作者试图通过有关这一图像的文献解读,全面分析该图像所包含的历史信息。     

基于低碳旅游的旅游业碳排放测度方法研讨

随着低碳理念的出现和发展,低碳旅游已经成为旅游业发展的共同方向。测算旅游业碳排放是低碳旅游发展的关键步骤,但国内关于旅游业碳排放测度的研究仍处于起步阶段。本文基于国内外相关文献研究,将目前国外旅游业碳排放测度研究分为旅游产业碳排放测度和旅游地碳排放测度两大类,并分别结合国外研究案例对这两大类碳排放测度方法进行总结和分析。最后分析了国际经验对我国旅游业碳排放测度的适用性,并针对我国旅游业碳排放研究现状进行了思考。     

西部十二省、自治区、直辖市旅游竞争力的组合评价

对一个地区的旅游竞争力进行评价有助于客观地了解该地区旅游业的发展状况,而科学合理的评价依赖于评价指标和评价方法的选择。本文提出了合理选择指标的原则,并在所构建的旅游竞争力评价指标体系中引入了＂软＂指标。由于单一评价模型的评价结果各不相同,本文引入组合评价模型对西部十二省、自治区、直辖市的旅游竞争力进行评价,然后采用斯皮尔曼等级相关系数对组合评价结果进行检验,结果显示本文采用的组合评价方法与其它评价方法的一致性最高,说明该方法能比较客观综合地反映旅游竞争力状况。最后,通过聚类分析,进一步验证了本文方法的有效性。     

文化对中国出境旅游者旅游偏好的影响研究

文化不仅是一种旅游吸引物,也影响着旅游者的旅游偏好。本文根据霍夫斯泰德的文化四维度模型分析了中国文化的特点,并阐述文化对中国出境旅游者在旅游目的地、旅游形式、食宿安排、购物及导游服务等方面的偏好形成的影响,据此对国内外从事中国出境游接待的企业提出相关建议,以期提高我国旅游者在境外旅游活动中的满意度。     

Collaboration and Partnership Development for Sustainable Tourism

Abstract

For many years, the need to improve sustainability in the tourism industry has been widely recognized. Many destinations have attempted to move toward sustainability, but unfortunately, have been hindered in their attempts by a lack of collaboration among stakeholders that is necessary to support their sustainability agendas. Collaboration, specifically through multi-stakeholder partnerships, has been seen as an effective way to support initiatives in tourism development. Through the lens of Gray's collaboration theory and Selin and Chavez's tourism partnership model, the success of collaboration and partnerships in tourism development on the island of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, will be examined. Through a multi-method approach consisting of an environmental audit and semi-structured interviews, this paper explores the implementation of a multi-stakeholder partnership. The partnership that has been developed, called the Gili Ecotrust, provides an example of successful collaboration, leading to the implementation of innovative sustainability initiatives on the island.     

New Perspectives on Tropical Coastal and Island Tourism Development

Abstract

This special issue is presented as a thematic issue devoted to tropical coastal and island tourism. Included in the issue are articles on (eco)tourism in Madagascar, collaboration theory and tourism partnership models on an Indonesian island, development pressure and resilience on a Malaysian island, a survey of cruise passengers in Colombia, perception and limits to development in Costa Rica, and perception and reality on Pitcairn Island. Placed within theoretical or conceptual frameworks, these case studies can be applied to development challenges of tropical coastal and island destinations worldwide.     

The Power of Place: Tourism Development in Costa Rica

Abstract

In this paper, I question how representations of tourist destinations color and are colored by development. Presenting the results of ethnographic fieldwork conducted on the southern Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, I find that the authenticity of portrayals of place is important not for its veracity, but for the social work it performs. Authenticity is not merely socially constructed but expressive of social relations which value people and places. Tourist perceptions of the caribe sur as genuinely underdeveloped—gauged by an analysis of photos and guidebooks as well as surveys—produce an approach to resource use within the community that is limiting. Because the value of the place is its underdevelopment, development itself constrains the possibility of sustaining further growth. Ultimately, reading development via place can be a guide for critically appreciating contemporary patterns of tourism and sustainable development in the caribe sur and elsewhere.