假日旅游高峰对旅游生态环境的破坏及对策分析

假日旅游带来的客流高峰对旅游生态环境造成多层次、多方面的破坏,本文对此进行了较为详尽的分析,并从时间分流、客源分流、信息分流、价格分流和景区分流等角度,对解决假日旅游高峰问题提出建议和措施.     

美国城市旅游

美国城市旅游对我国发展都市旅游有借鉴意义。本介绍了美国在散客旅游方式、旅游交通、城市旅游资源开发、旅游宣传资料以及旅馆业经营方式方面的一些做法。     

旅游线路设计与优化中的运筹学问题

旅游线路设计问题是旅游规划研究中一个重要的问题,本文把运筹学的方法引入旅游研究,探讨旅游线路的优化设计问题。基于定量分析与定性分析相结合的认识,本文重点是展示运筹学方法、图论方法的应用潜力,而没有着力于具体的技术细节。     

国内旅游团利益相关者利益格局均衡发展模式探究

一直以来,很多学者和业内人士把国内旅游团＂旅游服务质量问题＂归结为导游的素质,并探索过多种改善途径,虽取得了一定成效,但仍未达到根本解决的目的.本文从＂利益相关者＂角度思考该问题,认为其症结主要在于各主体间利益关系的失衡,因此尝试通过构建国内旅游团利益相关者利益格局均衡发展模式来解决这一问题.     

The Meaning of Things: Kipling’s Formative Journey ‘Home’ in 1889 and the Late Victorian Imperial Tour

The ‘seven years’ hard’ Rudyard Kipling spent as a journalist in north India are generally seen as the making of both his poetic and his politics. But, important as origin, community, identity and ‘my father’s house’ are to Kipling, he should also be seen as a wayfarer of no fixed abode. In 1889 he used his first royalties to return to metropolitan fame by the long way round: Burma, the Straits, Japan, the Pacific and a transcontinental journey past landmarks of his Americanophile boyhood reading. Both distressing and exhilarating, it was a journey that stimulated the productive tension in him between the parochial and the universal. If an upcountry Punjab station had impressed him with the necessity of colonial rule, it was this voyage that engendered his all-embracing imperial vision. If he had honed his eye for ‘local colour’, this trip intimated to him that his metier would lie in culturally translating disparate portions of the empire to one another. Anticipating Baden-Powell’s call to ‘look wider’, vagabonding proved to be an agreeable mode of existence, but metropolitan arrival was to hold its own unforeseen challenges and anxieties. At a time when English writers like Arthur Symons aestheticised their sensation of cultural rootlessness in the figure of the vagabond, Kipling sought to foreground his own vagabondism with a persuasive claim to belonging.     

中国国内观光旅游线路设计中的游时研究

旅游线路是旅行社销售的主要产品,也是目的地旅游开发和市场营销的重要对象,其中游时是旅游线路设计中的核心要素之一。本文通过对北京、上海和广州为旅游出发地的旅游线路的统计分析表明,在中国国内观光旅游线路设计中,游时(出游时间与游览时间的统称)随客源地-目的地之间的距离呈对数增长,其中出游时间T₀(一次旅游的总耗时,单位:天)与出行直线距离D₁(客源地与目的地之间的球面距离,单位:公里)之间具有方程T₀=-4.5769+1.31611n(D₁)所描述的统计关系,而游览时间T₁(游客在目的地逗留的时间,单位:天)与出行直线距离D₁之间具有方程T₁=-4.2188+1.1220ln （D₁）所描述的统计关系。研究还发现,旅行社每日安排游览的景区(点)数目具有随出行距离呈"U"型曲线的特点,平均而言,在目的地逗留期间每天安排游览的景区(点)约为5个;从交通方式上看,随着出行距离的增加,呈现出汽车-火车-飞机交替演变的特点;旅游报价P与出行直线距离D₁之间存在线性相关性,关系式为:P=293.81+1.184 D₁。     

Postal Service on a Lease Contract: the privatization and outsourcing of the Swedish postal service, 1662–1668

This article deals with the privatization of the Swedish postal service in the 1660s. In 1663 the Swedish state signed a lease contract for the management of the kingdom's postal service, handing over the leadership of the post to the nobleman Johan von Beijer. The purpose of this article is to show how the early modern Swedish state used private alternatives in executing its undertakings. An analysis of Johan von Beijer's lease contract will serve as an illuminating example of what such a private alternative might be. In order to answer the question of what influenced the choice of organization form, transaction cost theory is applied. Based on the analysis of the contract, and the negotiations between Beijer and the state, this article is able to complement and show the nuances of how the early modern Swedish state functioned in practice.     

企业理论发展脉络与研究内容评析

作为经济社会发展到一定历史阶段的产物,企业处于不断的演变过程中,企业理论也同样处于不断发展与演化过程中。本文试图通过对企业理论的发展脉络进行回顾和梳理,从经济学和管理学两个方面整理出典型的企业理论,并作出简要的述评,以期厘清企业理论的发展脉络和逻辑演进路径,并对企业理论的研究内容作出评析。     

The Effects of Competition‐Based Public Policy on Contractual Arrangements

When competition is naturally limited, policymakers craft regulation to obtain effects similar to those that would have occurred in the presence of competition. In many instances, regulation of this type is not successful in overcoming market failures. We rely on property rights theory and transaction cost theory to predict when state‐level policy statements will actually lead to a redistribution of benefits at the city level. We test this theory in the context of cable television franchise renewal agreements—a setting historically resistant to competition. We look to the language of the franchise agreements for evidence of concessions made by the cable operator to the city, and using a difference‐in‐difference estimator, we find that pro‐competitive regulation translates into concessions to the city. However, a credible threat of competition embedded in regulation is not enough to curb opportunism associated with monopoly supply in cases of large franchisees; larger cable operators are at least 60 percent less likely to offer more favorable terms of trade. However, consistent with transaction cost predictions, asset‐specific investments by the cable operator do curb opportunism; there is a 51 percent increase in the odds of a franchisee offering more concessions for a 1 standard deviation change—about 1,020 mi of the plant. These findings are important for those involved in crafting policy at all levels of government as well as for researchers interested in understanding the role of long‐term contracting and the use of hybrid mechanisms such as franchise agreements in contemporary governance.     

Montaigne,Tocqueville, and the Politics of Skepticism

Abstract

Shakespeare shows how enforceable contract not only undergirds the city of Venice, which makes a multicultural society possible, but its corrosive effects on non-contractual relationships like friendship, love, and marriage. This is evident in the decisions, actions, and relationships of Antonio, Bassanio, Portia, and Jessica. Although Shakespeare concludes the play on a happy note, the conclusion one can reach is that, despite its advantages, regimes based on commerce and contract fail to create the conditions for friendship, love, and marriage to flourish.