Double‐Thinking and Contradictory Arrangements in Iranian Law and Society

Although thinking double thoughts and living dual lives are not specifically Iranian traits, Iranians have, nevertheless, become more susceptible to them for historical reasons, which may be traced back to when Persians became Muslims. The gradual normalization of double‐thinking over the centuries has given rise to social and political patterns of behavior and institutional arrangements which oscillate between opposing regimes of truths and different sets of ethical concerns, often without merging them into a new process. Once double‐thinking is normalized at the level of society, it helps people to cope with the cognitive dissonance they experience in circumstances where it is difficult to change attitude and behavior. It also affects the organization of society by making contradictory arrangements appear normal. It promotes reflexive thinking and subversive action as much as it facilitates misrecognition of sociopolitical suppression and legitimization of symbolic violence. This state of affairs generates a form of modernity which appears, at least on the surface, to be comfortable with contradictory social arrangements, while deep down it remains ill at ease with its inner contradictions.     

Enhancing critical thinking skills in first year environmental management students: a tale of curriculum design,application and reflection

This paper chronicles the experience of academic staff in developing a course to enhance the critical thinking skills of environmental management undergraduates. We outline our considerations and process for course development, discuss insights from course evaluations, and reflect on the challenges encountered. We believe these perspectives will be useful for others who are developing critical thinking skills curricula, especially first year courses. Aspects of the course design which were considered particularly effective were the use of scaffolded assessment, the application of threshold concepts, and well-structured collaborative learning activities paired with quality tutors. The key learning for the authors from the evaluation of the course was that while the tools and strategies developed were very useful, interweaving these tools into year 2 and 3 courses would help students see the ongoing value of critical thinking in their work.     

抗美援朝战争与中国建设大后方国防战略思想的形成

一个国家战略后方物质和精神力量的强弱程度对战争的胜负产生着决定性的影响。本文主要阐述了中国在抗美援朝战争中认识到加强战略后方建设的重大意义 ,并通过战争实践及战后形成的军事战略态势逐步形成了独具特色的中国建设大后方国防战略思想。     

思维方式与人地关系理论

人地关系理论的形成、发展与人的思维方式密切相关。人地关系理论中有代表性的环境决定论、意志决定论、人地关系协调论渗透着当今颇有影响的两大思维方式-现代主义思维方式、后现代主义思维方式的印记。现代主义思维方式、后现代主义思维方式的缺陷与环境决定论、意志决定论、人地关系协调论等理论的不足息息相关。全准思维方式的提出克服了上述两种思维方式的弱点,也为我们认识人地关系带来了新的视角。     

逻辑思维训练教学实践与理论探讨

逻辑学的知识,不是作为教学的最终目的,而是作为明确思维与提高思维能力的知识型工具。思维创新是逻辑教学首先要完成的任务。我们要在思维的逻辑建构中探讨哪些结构性因素障碍了创新,并探讨建立起这种具有创新功能的新的逻辑结构,探讨进行创新思维训练的教学方法。     

The Idea of Indigenous Knowledge

The idea of ‘indigenous knowledge’ is a relatively recent phenomenon that, amongst other things, constitutes part of a challenge to ‘western’ thinking and conceptualization. Advocates of indigenous knowledge maintain that its study has profound educational and ethical relevance and also emphasise its significance in antiracist, antisexist and postcolonialist discourse, in general, and in terms of the ‘African Renaissance’, in particular. This paper argues the following: (1) ‘indigenous knowledge’ involves at best an incomplete, partial or, at worst, a questionable understanding or conception of knowledge; (2) as a tool in anti-discrimination and anti-repression discourse, ‘indigenous knowledge’ is largely inappropriate. I show, further, that in the development of ‘knowledge’, following some necessary conceptual readjustments in our understanding of this term, there is considerably greater common ground than admitted by theorists. It is this acknowledgement, not adherence to a popular concept of debatable plausibility that has profound educational, ethical and political consequences.     

中共十六大与八大的比较研究

八大是中国共产党成为执政党后召开的第一次全国代表大会,这次代表大会分析了生产资料所有制的社会主义改造基本完成后的形势,提出了全面开展社会主义建设的任务,在指导思想、政治路线和组织路线上都有重要建树,对探索中国特色社会主义的道路产生了深远的影响。十六大是中国共产党执政52年后在新世纪召开的第一次全国代表大会,也是中国共产党在开始实施社会主义现代化建设第三步战略部署的新形势下召开的一次具有深远影响的重要大会。对八大和十六大进行比较研究,可以发现其一脉相承的内在联系,可以加深对十六大确立的指导思想、奋斗目标、组织路线的认识。     

关于中国历史上疆域问题的几点认识

文章认为 ,凡是生活在今天中国疆域内的民族以及历史上生活在今天疆域内而今天已经消失了的民族都是中华民族的组成部分 ,他们的历史 (外来民族迁入之前的历史另作别论 )都是中国历史的组成部分 ,他们在历史上活动的地区及其建立政权的疆域也都是中国历史上疆域的组成部分。按照这一原则 ,结合历史上中原政权与边疆民族及其政权的隶属关系 ,以及边疆民族对中华思想文化的心理认同等条件综合考查 ,不难对中国历史上的疆域问题得出比较正确的结论。     

立足现实高于现实--江泽民创新思想研究

自 2 0世纪 90年代初以来 ,江泽民立足我国社会主义现代化建设事业 ,并站在人类社会发展的高度 ,就创新问题发表了一系列重要的论述 ,内容涉及有关创新的意义、动因、重点领域、自主创新及创新精神等 ,深刻地揭示了创新的本质、内涵。这一系列论述已经形成系统的思想 ,不仅对我国社会主义现代化建设事业有现实的指导意义 ,同时因其科学地揭示出生产力和生产关系、经济基础和上层建筑之间矛盾运动的内在机制 ,从而丰富和发展了马克思主义社会发展动力学说。从江泽民构建创新思想的立足基点以及其创新思想的内涵、理论价值等方面 ,都反映出一个显著的特点 ,那就是既立足于现实而又高于现实。     

根据中国具体情况决定建国方针--刘少奇新民主主义经济思想再研究

把马克思主义普遍真理同中国具体实践相结合,是关乎中国命运且又常论常新的基本课题.民主革命时期,党的七大树起把马克思主义普遍真理与中国革命具体实践相结合的伟大旗帜--毛泽东思想,使中国民主革命很快取得胜利.中华民族获得独立解放后,继续坚持这一原则尤为重要.建国前后,刘少奇关于新民主主义经济思想的探索和发展变化过程,非常典型地说明了这个问题.他在探索过程中反复强调"我们的问题要根据中国具体情况决定",这是中共三代领导集体所始终坚持的重要思想基本原则,至今仍有重要借鉴意义.