南宋川陕战区兵力部署的失衡与吴曦之变

南宋在川陕战区兵力部署中,基于战略防御和节制武将的考虑,形成兴州、金州、兴元府三大屯驻重心。在具体兵力分布上,由于吴氏武将集团的影响,兴州驻军的数量与实力最为强大,呈现出严重的失衡状态。兴州驻军力量过于强大是吴曦据兴州叛变的关键因素。吴曦叛变平定后,南宋对兴州军事力量予以分化,又导致兵力分散和不利于边疆防御的弊端,体现出南宋削弱地方军事力量与加强边疆防御的两难困境。川陕战区兵力部署的演变,蕴涵着南宋加强中央集权的真实内容。     

“本土安全”思想对中国近代海疆安全战略的影响

本土安全是近代中国海疆安全战略的终极目标。由于战略目标的局限,中国虽然拥有具备远洋作战能力的海军,但却无法在海军军备建设、军力部署,以及战略战备等方面摆脱海岸防御战略的影响。受本土安全思想的影响,中国的战略决策者在甲午战争中屡失战机,而近代中国海疆安全战略体系也因此崩溃。     

西汉合浦郡之朱卢县考

汉元帝初元三年罢珠崖郡后,海南岛之归属和建置情况如何?学术界对此长期争论不休。明代,海南王佐认为自汉元帝罢珠崖郡后,海南岛成为中原王朝的域外之地,直至南朝梁武帝大同中因海南儋耳归附于洗夫人才内属。唐胄则认为汉元帝罢珠崖郡后,仅八十六年本岛就又内属。当代,谭其骧先生的观点与王佐大致相同。杨武泉先生则认为从西汉晚期至萧齐,大陆王朝一直在岛上设置县级地方政权。本文虽赞同杨先生的观点,但所用资料和研究方法与之不同,而且只探考西汉朱卢县。认为只需要弄清朱卢县的位置,就可以彻底解决这一历史悬案。现依据许多学术界未曾提及的重要古籍资料和西汉"朱廬執刲"银印所蕴涵的重要信息,采用考据学研究方法,从五个方面来进行考察,所得结论是:西汉合浦郡的朱卢县应当在海南岛。     

南宋临安节日活动的时空结构研究

在城市地理学研究中,由于缺乏有关历史城市物理空间的基础性研究工作及受研究资料所限等原因,关于历史时期的城市居民生活空间方面的研究较少开展。本文选择南宋时期的临安作为城市空间研究对象,在全面梳理相关历史文献记载的基础上,尝试结合目前应用最广泛的功能分区法和时间地理学两种方法,对南宋临安节日活动空间进行剖析,揭示其城市节日活动的时空间结构特征。同时,文章还探讨了城市社会空间的形成机制,提出物理空间奠定了临安节日活动空间的基本格局、都城地位是临安节日活动空间形成的控制因素、城市经济主导了临安节日活动的空间分异过程等结论。     

江南、湖广、陕西分省过程与清初省制的变化

江南、湖广、陕西三省分省,是清代行政区划变迁史和地方行政制度变化过程中的重要环节。本文从康熙、乾隆两部《清会典》记载的省制这一角度出发,对江南等省的分省过程进行了详细的分析,揭示了这是一个始于顺治十八年、终于康熙六年的渐变过程,清代的省制也在这个过程中完成了从旧到新的转变。本文又从多个角度分析了分省过程结束后,"江南省"、"湖广省"等省名长期存在的主要原因。     

清代川东道的辖区与职能演变——兼论地方行政制度中道的性质

川东道是解读清代地方行政制度的典型范本。通过考察,再次证明了道由一种临时性的藩臬二司派出机构,逐渐演变成有固定辖区和治所的府以上省以下的地方行政区划和机构。因应时变、灵活性和敏感性,使得川东道在晚清被附加了很多原本不相关的职能。尽管它本身不是一个完全近代化的职官,但由于府以上省以下的空隙过大,这种中层地方机构,在中国历史上始终是需要的。     

Laying it down in stone: delimiting and demarcating Iraq's boundaries by mixed international commission

Mixed international commissions have been centrally involved in shaping the outer margins of the state territory of Iraq over the last century and a half. Laborious Anglo-Russian efforts to narrow the traditional Perso-Ottoman frontier in the seventy-year period before the Great War contrasted with the League of Nations' ostensibly speedy treatment of Iraq's more arbitrary northern and north-western territorial limits in the early inter-war years. Most recently, a team appointed by the UN Secretary-General finalised definition of Iraq's international boundaries with Kuwait when the emirate was liberated from Iraqi occupation in the spring of 1991. This article scrutinises the role played by these bodies in the boundary evolutionary process from a review of their primary records. It highlights the fact that the evolution of Iraq's (and those of its Ottoman forbears) international boundaries to the east, north and west was rarely straightforward and reflected both regional considerations and imperial contexts. The problem of reconciling inadequate textual definitions with features on the ground has been a constant phenomenon. Deciding whether commissions actually delimited or demarcated territory was as valid a question following the UN's Iraq–Kuwait settlement as in the mid-nineteenth century. Whether many historical treaty delimitations were ever designed to be anything more than territorial allocations is another theme explored in this article.     

Some spatial analyses of Chalcolithic settlement in Southern Israel

This paper is a brief investigation of one of the outstanding problems in Chalcolithic archaeology in the Negev desert of Israel: that of the spatial distribution of sites and the possible relationships between these sites that may be inferred. Although the region is rich in archaeological data for the Chalcolithic period, very little work has thus far been undertaken in terms of the quantification of the archaeological data – a necessary prerequisite for complex spatial analysis. Nevertheless, simple analysis of settlement patterns using the data presently available for 403 Chalcolithic sites in the Negev is given as an example. Autocorrelation tests measuring clustering and dispersion of sites show that the overall impression of clustering is a factor of access to farming land, water, grazing and Mediterranean maquis, but that smaller scale analysis suggests that settlement patterns were essentially random. This makes it difficult to argue in favour of settlement hierarchies or structured settlement of any kind.     

江西靖安县李洲坳东周墓葬

李洲坳东周墓葬位于江西靖安县水口乡水口村李家自然村,是在2006年12月30日偶然发现的。在报经国家文物局批准后,江西省文物考古研究所对这座墓葬进行了抢救性发掘,田野工作于2007年1月6日正式开始,至10月25日基本结束。目前,墓葬出土文物的清理工作还在继续。现将该墓发掘的基本情况和一些初步认识简要介     

考古发现与秦汉时期的体育活动

体育活动,是人类在社会生产和社会生活的实践中不断创造、丰富和发展起来的,构成人类社会生活的一个有机组成部分。现代社会如此,古代社会也如此。古代体育活动,既是古代社会生活的一个重要方面,也为现代体育的发生和发展奠定了历史的基础。中国古代体育活动有着悠久的历史和