近十年来大陆乾嘉考据学研究综述

近十年来,大陆学在继承前贤研究成果的基础上,对乾嘉考据学的成因、流派、史学成就以及与之相关的汉宋之争等问题进行了深入探讨。尤其值得注意的是,乾嘉经世之学和“乾嘉新义理学”的研究突破已有成说,开拓了新的研究路向,也扩展了乾嘉考据学的研究范围。     

试析清末新政时期外交体制变革的有利因素

清末新政时期清政府对外交体制进行了全面变革,从而实现了外交体制的现代化转型。变革之所以能够取得成功的三个有利因素是:统治集团中形成了浓厚的变革氛围;清政府前期现代化事业卓有成效;中外交往不断扩大:     

Zur frühen Geschichte der Paläocheloniologie von Schaumburg‐Lippe. Die Rolle des Gymnasial‐Professors Max Ballerstedt in der Naturwissenschaft

A survey is given on some new aspects of the early history to the palaeochelonology in Schaumburg‐Lippe (Northern Germany). The very slow development of this is good reconstructable on base of authentic estates. It is the first time to made such a nearly complete reconstruction.     

近十年晚清财政史研究综述

晚清财政史研究是晚清经济史研究的重要领域之一。近十年来,学术界的目光主要集中于晚清财政状况、财政收支、财政制度等方面,在论和资料整理上均取得了丰硕成果。学们从纵向与横向两方面着笔,对晚清财政状况进行了宏观考察。财政收入研究侧重于外债、关税与厘金,而对外赔款仍是财政支出研究的热点。财政制度与体制方面,学界论述较多为中央与地方的财政关系问题。至于财政思想,学们对重要人物的财政思想研究较多,对总体性财政思想的研究则相对薄弱。此外,他们还对太平天国政权的赋税制度与政策予以客观分析和评价。     

Spezialisierung und Bildungsanspruch. Zur Geschichte der Technischen Hochschulen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

In the late 19th century at the “Technische Hochschulen” the understanding of “Wissenschaft” and “Bildung” changed considerably. During the 19th century the “Polytechnische Schulen” and “Technische Hochschulen” adopted the neo-humanistic standards of “Bildung”, established by the universities and the “Humanistische Gymnasium”. At the end of the century they joined the “realistische Schulbewegung” which emphasized the value of mathematics and natural sciences, taking issue with the classical languages. At the same time, systematic experimentation was added to mathematics, natural sciences and technical experience to constitute the specific methodology of engineering sciences. Attempts to define specific technical elements of “Allgemein-bildung” did not succeed as a result of the rapidly increasing differentiation and specialization of engineering sciences.     

Wie sozialisiert man eine Hochschule? Die Eröffnungsfeiern der mittelalterlichen deutschen Universitäten und die Gründung der Erfurter Universität (28. April 1392)

In pre-Reformation Germany, nearly all university foundations culminated in elaborated opening celebrations which were closely linked to the local liturgy. This article tries to understand these well-recorded acts as rituals and asks how social knowledge of what a university actually was was transmitted to the non-academic environment. It shows that the opening celebrations were designed both to make the new institution acceptable and to distance it from its environment, thus reducing its vulnerability.     

Disziplinerneuerung und Universitätsreform: Das Ius publicum Romano Germanicum

What caused the reforms which permitted the universities in the Holy Roman Empire to become leading places of scientific communication and mental orientation for centuries? In most cases, outside influences - pressures from governments, princes, scholars, councillors, consistories, or, as we would say today, state and churches - were decisive. But some reforms were the consequences of paradigm-changes within the universities themselves. Such shifts were less likely to originate with faculties concerned with medicine or the natural sciences than with those which were concerned directly with the political community or human societies. This changed only in the nineteenth century, which cannot be dealt with here.