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91.
John F. Hoffecker 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(4):359-387
Living humans are unique among the animal kingdom with respect to their ability to externalize mental representations outside
the brain through a variety of media and in a recursive or creative manner (i.e., generating a potentially infinite array
of combinations). Earlier humans evolved two specialized organs—the hand and the vocal tract—as primary instruments for externalizing
artificial or semantic representations. These organs and the externalized representations may have co-evolved with the Homo brain. The archaeological record yields examples of simple representations by 1.6 mya. More complex, hierarchical, and recursive
forms are evident by roughly 0.25 mya. Complex and highly recursive representations in a wide range of media (including representations
of representations in the form of visual art) emerge after 0.1 mya among anatomically modern humans. 相似文献
92.
Michael Love 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2007,15(4):275-328
Recent research on the southern highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica has investigated topics of interest to all archaeologists.
Although best known for studies on the development of early social complexity, research in the region also has addressed hunter/gatherer
subsistence patterns, early sedentism, the origins of food production, the development of the state, migration, the construction
of social identity, political economy, and the collapse of complex societies. Research has accelerated in the past ten years,
fueled by efforts of scholars from a number of disciplines. Recent paleo-ecological studies have provided much needed data
for understanding human social action against the backdrop of the natural environment, while the region also has been the
scene for testing numerous innovative theories of social change. Studies of identity and its manifestation in material culture
have been especially productive. 相似文献
93.
Economic geography and the evolution of networks 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
An evolutionary perspective on economic geography requires adynamic understanding of change in networks. This article explorestheories of network evolution for their use in geography anddevelops the conceptual framework of geographical network trajectories.It specifically assesses how tie selection constitutes the evolutionaryprocess of retention and variation in network structure andhow geography affects these mechanisms. Finally, a typologyof regional network formations is used to discuss opportunitiesfor innovation in and across regions. 相似文献
94.
Y. Yang L. Ren G. Dong Y. Cui R. Liu G. Chen H. Wang S. Wilkin F. Chen 《Archaeometry》2019,61(4):957-976
It is widely known that the Hexi Corridor in North‐West China lies at a hub of trans‐Eurasian cultural exchange. Its role became increasingly important during the late prehistoric period, particularly as the ancient Silk Road began to be used. While the profound transformation of local cultural characteristics in the late Neolithic and the Bronze Age is well documented, the detailed economic dynamics of cultural evolution have not yet been clearly illustrated. In this paper, we report on significant new zooarchaeological and faunal isotopic data from the Neolithic and Bronze Age sites in the Hexi Corridor. The primary objective is to systematically reconstruct the prehistoric economic context of this area by combining these new data with previous archaeological studies and radiocarbon dates. We argue that the primary economic activities of local inhabitants changed dramatically in the prehistoric Hexi Corridor. This was marked by agricultural production at c.4800–4000 bp , agro‐pastoral production at c.4000–3000 bp and animal husbandry at c.3000–2200 bp , respectively. The major subsistence strategies of these three periods show considerable variation. It is very likely that these transformations of economic patterns in the prehistoric Hexi Corridor were primarily triggered by transcontinental cultural exchange and, to a lesser extent, by climate change. 相似文献
95.
Marco Cappa Daniela De Angelis Alessandra Pecci Luis Barba Murat Cura Gino Mirocle Crisci 《International Journal of Architectural Heritage》2016,10(6):726-734
Hagia Sophia is one of the oldest and most complex existing monuments. Many unanswered questions are still open on the historical and constructive evolution of this monument. The boundaries between the different construction phases and the details of the masonry and materials used in the various phases are still not defined with precision.The thermographic survey, carried out inside the monument, made ??it possible to answer some of these questions by specifying the exact location of the past interventions and the variability of the materials employed allowing a better understanding of the constructive history of the monument. The technique was applied at a great distance and in normal environmental conditions, taking advantage of the high thermal sensitivity of the instrumentation. The results achieved confirm the validity of the technique in the study of ancient buildings. 相似文献
96.
Gareth Knapman 《History of European Ideas》2016,42(7):909-923
The nineteenth-century Orientalist and ethnologist, John Crawfurd, publicly rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution in 1868. Crawfurd was a leading advocate of polygenesis but also a supporter of racial equality. In 1820 he published his History of the Indian Archipelago, where he advocated granting household suffrage to all races in the British colonies. After finishing a career in the East India Company in 1828 he became the foremost expert on South-East Asia in Britain. Crawfurd became a regular writer on ethnology and Asian affairs for the Examiner newspaper and in the 1860s he was President of the Ethnological Society of London. Accounts of nineteenth-century anthropology in Britain characterise debate around race as falling into two camps: advocates of monogenesis and advocates of polygenesis. In the United States of America, advocates of polygenesis were often associated with advocates of slavery and racial inequality. Recent research has demonstrated that Charles Darwin’s hatred of slavery drove him to write Origin of the Species to demonstrate the unity of the human species and reject the polygenesis position. This paper explores Crawfurd’s ideas and demonstrates that a belief in polygenesis in the nineteenth century did not necessarily equate with a belief in racial inequality. 相似文献
97.
JANET STURMAN 《Reviews in Anthropology》2013,42(4):302-341
Four recent books offer an opportunity to review new and continuing approaches to the study of music, not as an artistic product, but as an essential practice in human society and as a capacity that defines humankind. Two books examine musical capacity and music making from the framework of biological anthropology, drawing on new research in neurophysiology to connect biological and archaeological anthropology. The other two locate the study largely within cultural anthropology, drawing on ethnomusicology. Taken as a set the volumes invite disciplinary integration in anthropological studies of music. 相似文献
98.
RUTH GRUHN 《Reviews in Anthropology》2013,42(4):345-372
Books discussed here focus upon the initial peopling of the Americas and the worldwide development of food production. They examine postulated historical instances in which genes, languages, and cultural elements appear to correlate, indicating major population movements in prehistory. Recognized experts in historical linguistics, archaeology, and molecular genetics review current methodology, available data, and models of global and regional population history. A more holistic approach and a greater understanding of human population dynamics are called for to improve our reconstruction of these past events. 相似文献
99.
《Interdisciplinary science reviews : ISR》2013,38(2):162-186
AbstractAncient and contemporary theories of the cognitive functions of music are reviewed and compared with the hypothesis (advanced in Part I) that music performs a fundamental cognitive function, helping to maintain psychic balance in the face of the diversity of the world. Considering historical evidence of the evolution of cultures and consciousness, a parallel evolution of music as a powerful and unifying emotional mechanism is demonstrated and recent cognitive experiments that have confirmed this hypothesis are summarized. The neural mechanisms of music include mental representations which unify the entire life experience. It follows that music is fundamental in making human evolution possible. The human mind and our human cultures would not exist as they do today without music. Future theoretical and experimental research directions are outlined. 相似文献
100.
P. MÖLLER C. SIEBERT S. GEYER N. INBAR E. ROSENTHAL A. FLEXER M. ZILBERBRAND 《Geofluids》2012,12(2):166-181
Element ratios and water stable isotopes reveal the presence of only two independent deep brines in the Kinnarot Basin, Israel: the evaporite dissolution brine of Zemah‐1 and the inferred Ha’on mother brine (HMB) with low and high Br/Cl ratios, respectively. HMB is considered to be a representative of the Late Pliocene evaporated Sedom Sea. The freshwater‐diluted evaporation brine emerges as Ha’on brine on the eastern shore of Lake Tiberias and is also identified in the pore water of lake sediments. HMB is converted into Tiberias mother brine (TMB) by dolomitization of limestones and alteration of abundant volcanic rocks occurring along the western side of the lake. The Ha’on and Tiberias brines, both characterized by high δD and δ18O values, are similar in Na/Cl and Br/Cl ratios but are dissimilar in Br/K ratios because these brines were subjected to different degrees of interactions with rocks and sediments. Excepting the brine from KIN 8, all brines from the Tabigha area including the nearby off‐shore Barbutim brine are related to the TMB. The brine KIN 8 and all brines from the Fuliya and Hammat Gader areas are related to the HMB. The brine encountered in wildcat borehole Zemah‐1 is generated by halite‐anhydrite/gypsum dissolution and is independent from the HMB system. 相似文献