稻盛哲学中的中日商业文化差异

日本是现在世界上商业水平较为发达的国家,其商业文化与近邻中国存在明显的不同之处。正是日本独特的商业文化孕育出了稻盛和夫这样的世界一流企业家。在日本历史上,像稻盛这样,既能出色地管理企业,又具备系统的哲学理念者,不乏其人。本文从商人阶层悬殊的社会地位、商业文化不同的开端和发展以及商业伦理的不同内涵等方面入手,比较了中日两国商业文化的状况。本文最后分析了日本出现“商人思想家”群体的原因,力求对我国的商业发展和企业改革提供一定的借鉴。     

镰仓、室町时期的茶文化与日本茶道

成立于战国后期的日本茶道（初期称为“茶汤”或“佗茶”）,虽然在形式上与南北朝时的“婆娑罗寄合”这种喧闹、奢靡的饮茶之风迥然不同,甚至与室町幕府的将军所举行的茶会也有很大的差异,但是禅的精神的融入,正是对“婆娑罗寄合”的一种反省与反动,而室町幕府茶会中的“唐物数寄”、以建盏天目茶碗为代表的“茶具足”和“书院座敷”这三个基本文化元素,是后来日本的茶道得以成立的非常重要的前提条件。“书院座敷”构成了茶道得以展开的基本空间,“茶具足”是茶道得以进行的基本器具,而“唐物数寄”则是使整个茶道活动充满了优雅文化气息的基本组成。     

Multiregional Perspectives on the Archaeology of the Andes During the Late Intermediate Period (c. A.D. 1000–1400)

During the Late Intermediate period (LIP, c. A.D. 1000–1400), the central Andes experienced the decline of the Wari and Tiwanaku states, as well as processes of state formation, regional population growth, and competition culminating in the imperial expansion of the Chimú and Inka polities. The LIP holds the potential to link the archaeological features of early Andean states with the material signatures of the later ones, providing a critical means of contextualizing the intergenerational continuities and breaks in state structures and imperial strategies. The recent proliferation of LIP research and the completion of a number of regional studies permit the overview of six LIP regions and the comparison of highland and lowland patterns of political and economic organization, social complexity, and group identity.     

Arabic and Its Role in Egyptology and Egyptian Archaeology

Their lack of Arabic skills limits non-Egyptian Egyptologists in their ability to gain insights into Egyptian culture. The overwhelming reliance on European languages in the field limits the contributions that Egyptian Egyptologists are able to make to the field. The effects of these factors are discussed and suggestions are made as to how the situation can be ameliorated.

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Resumen La inhabilidad de hablar el árabe limita los egiptólogos no-egipcios en su capacidad de comprender de la cultura egipcia. El abrumador dominio de las lenguas europeas en el campo limita las contribuciones que los egiptólogos egipcios pueden hacer por la disciplina. Se discuten los efectos de estos factores y se sugiere como se puede mejorar la situación.

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Résumé La faible connaissance de l’arabe par les égyptologues non-égyptiens limite leurs capacités à comprendre la culture égyptienne. Dans le domaine de l’Egyptologie, la dominance des langues européennes limite les possibilités de contribution des Egyptiens égyptologues dans le domaine. L’effet de ces facteurs est discuté et des suggestions sont faites afin de déterminer comment la situation pourrait être améliorée.

     

宜城市周代文化遗址调查简报(之三)

2007年11月,武汉大学历史地理研究所联合宜城市博物馆在宜城境内进行第三次考古调查,重点踏勘了宜城北境、汉江西岸的周代文化遗存,探讨楚文化中心区域与其它地区的内在关系,考察楚文化发展、演变的轨迹。本次调查加深了我们对相关遗址大致年代和文化内涵的认识,对于促进楚国都城与疆域演变等课题的研究有一定帮助。     

山东日照市两城镇遗址龙山文化先民食谱的稳定同位素分析

山东日照两城镇遗址出土的浮选植物标本和植桂体表明,稻米和粟是该遗址龙山先民重要的食物来源,但由于动物骨骼保存很差,我们对他们的肉食来源所知甚少。而采用碳氮稳定同位素法探讨古人的食性和食物结构,对各种同位素含量不同的食物在当时人们食谱中的相对重要性提供了补充定量的数据。     

“中国里耶古城·秦简与秦文化国际学术研讨会”纪要

里耶古城遗址位于湖南省湘西自治州龙山县里耶镇东北部,东临酉水,最初发现于1996年。2002年起,为配合碗米坡水电站建设,湖南省文物考古研究所会同州、县文物部门,对里耶古城及相关的古遗址、古墓葬     

内蒙古赤峰市康家湾遗址2006年发掘简报

2006年,对内蒙古赤峰市康家湾遗址进行发掘。该遗址以夏家店下层文化遗存为主体,遗迹有房址、墓葬、灰沟、灰坑、灶等,出土较多陶器、石器、蚌器、骨器等。该遗址不属于石城址,房址均为土坑半地穴式。它的发现,为研究阴河中下游地区夏家店下层文化的聚落形态及建筑形式提供了重要资料。     

Molecular and isotopic traces of cooking and consumption of fish at an Early Medieval manor site in eastern middle Sweden

This paper is a presentation of a comparison between prehistoric food culture signals obtained through analyses of lipid food residues in pottery, i.e. pottery-use, from settlement remains on one hand and bone chemical analyses of human skeletal remains from an adjacent and contemporary cemetery on the other. The materials derive from the Early Medieval site Tuna in Alsike par., Uppland, Sweden. The results show a discrepancy between the two food signals and it is argued that pottery-use do not by necessity reflect everyday diet. But it is also argued that the integration of several food signals together with contextual archaeological data is a fruitful way to begin to understand the complexity of prehistoric cultures of food.     

Same island, different diet: Cultural evolution of food practice on Öland, Sweden, from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period

The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in north-west Europe has been described as rapid and uniform, entailing a swift shift from the use of marine and other wild resources to domesticated terrestrial resources. Here, we approach the when, what and how of this transition on a regional level, using empirical data from Öland, an island in the Baltic Sea off the Swedish east coast, and also monitor changes that occurred after the shift. Radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bones and teeth from 123 human individuals, along with faunal isotope data from 27 species, applying to nine sites on Öland and covering a time span from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period, demonstrate a great diversity in food practices, mainly governed by culture and independent of climatic changes. There was a marked dietary shift during the second half of the third millennium from a mixed marine diet to the use of exclusively terrestrial resources, interpreted as marking the large-scale introduction of farming. Contrary to previous claims, this took place at the end of the Neolithic and not at the onset. Our data also show that culturally induced dietary transitions occurred continuously throughout prehistory. The availability of high-resolution data on various levels, from intra-individual to inter-population, makes stable isotope analysis a powerful tool for studying the evolution of food practices.