《六世班禅画像》唐卡考证

本文根据档案记载对《六世班禅画像》唐卡的制作时间、作者、内容进行了考证,阐释了其“样式”的形成及其对清宫唐卡创作的影响。此唐卡画像属清宫独创的写真画唐卡类,它融合了多种绘画技法即西藏唐卡技法、西洋写实技法和中国传统的青绿山水技法,可以说是一种新的唐卡绘画形式。     

VICO'S NEW SCIENCE AND A NEW POETIC PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE

This review essay discusses Giambattista Vico and the New Psychological Science, which contains seven essays that challenge traditional anthropological, epistemological, and methodological assumptions that define psychology as a social science and instead interpret it as an embodied understanding of human cultural activity. The authors use Vico's New Science to support this endeavor because, they suggest, it traces the creation of human existence from a prehuman animal state with the agency of poiesis, an embodied meta‐phoric language and social practices that are inseparable from that language. This effort is a potentially transformative reinterpretation of Vico, whose verum factum principle scholars interpret as challenging Cartesian epistemology. Identifying the true with the made, Vico's principle limits human knowing to what humans make—that is, their historical world. The authors rightly emphasize the embodied nature of making with poetic language and social practices. However, they undermine the significance of that embodiment by assuming that knowing what is made with poiesis is, like traditional understandings of knowledge, epistemic. Thus, they implicitly retain humanism's metaphysical assumption that grounds epistemology: humans know intelligible reality because they are dualistic beings who possess rational, subjective natures. By contrast, I claim that Vico's poetic humanism is a more radical move from traditional humanism's belief in epistemology toward a culturally active anthropology. For Vico, bodily skills of perception, memory, and imagination create a metaphoric language based on random perceptions, images, and sounds. This metaphoric language is inseparable from social practices and physical skills, creating a meaningful human world. The making achieved by embodied poetic language cannot lead to epistemic knowledge; it can only lead to the self‐referential hermeneutic understanding that humans are the creators of their human existence. Vico's verum factum is not an epistemological principle in the Cartesian tradition but an ontological unity of knowing and making through sociophysical skills that are inseparable from poetic language. Humans make their ontologically real, meaningful human world and know themselves as its creators.     

No place for ‘Kashmiri’ in Kashmiri nationalism*

Language is often taken as a primary differentiating factor between people as it functions as a vehicle of cultural expression, thus becoming one of the primary markers of identity. In the history of nationalism, language has always enjoyed a privileged position. Not only had the German Romantics such as Herder and Fichte held language as the fundamental characteristic of a nation, but modernist scholars such as Anderson, too, have given language a central place in their respective assessments of nationalism. In Anderson's analysis, ‘languages of power’ enable an imagined community to become real. However, are all nationalisms glotto‐centric? If not, why not? This article takes the case of Kashmiri nationalism, or the Tehreek, to demonstrate that language and nationalism are not necessarily codependent. The paper will first explain why Kashmiri never came to become a language of power in the region and how the disadvantaged position of the Kashmiri language precludes/d it from having any significant role in Kashmiri nationalism. Second, the paper argues that the multilingualism of Kashmiris has turned out to be a blessing in disguise for the Tehreek and allowed Kashmiri nationalism to assert its civic character.     

From Cosmopolitan to Vernacular in the Language Sciences: A Global History Perspective

Sheldon Pollock's justly famous work on cosmopolitan orders and processes of vernacularization in the worlds of Latinity and Sanskrit invites questions of a comparative and global-historical character. I will raise such questions in the context of the Persianate cosmopolitan order, especially as exemplified by the early modern Ottoman Empire, focusing on the wave of vernacularizations this empire witnessed in the seventeenth–eighteenth centuries. In this process of vernacularization, new vernacular forms of philological learning appear to have played a crucial role. Building on Bourdieu's work, I will try to analyze the Ottoman cosmopolitan as a pre-modern form of linguistic domination, and vernacularization as a form of resistance. Moving beyond Bourdieu, I will be arguing for a genealogical approach that is alive to premodern non-European philological traditions, and to the historically variable relation between (philological) knowledge and power.     

现代馆的时代含义

艺术的力量不容忽视,南京博物院艺术陈列馆的现代馆需要鲜明的个性,这个个性要具有时代特色浓厚的展示内容来填充,从而达到推动社会文明进程及城市发展的目的,这是本文努力强调的。     

汉字民俗现象试析

汉字在其产生、发展、成熟和运用的过程中,也渗透出相当的民俗化现象,诸如自然祭拜、生殖崇拜、祈福禳灾、兼忌避讳、爱幼尊老,崇祀宗祖、敬惜字纸等习俗,在汉字本身就有明确的反映,从一个侧面体现了汉民族的心理发展历程。     

Language identity,linguistic diversity and political cleavages: evidence from Ukraine

ABSTRACT. This article revisits the notion of linguistic diversity and its function as a political cleavage. It argues that people's linguistic and cultural attitudes are influenced not only by their communicative practice but also by their identification with particular language(s) – even though they may not always communicate in that language. In Ukraine, from which my empirical data is drawn, language identity is embodied in the concept of native language that was imposed by the Soviet institutionalisation of ethnicity and came to mean ethnic belonging as much as linguistic practice. My analysis of survey data demonstrates that native language is a powerful predictor of people's attitudes and policy preferences with regard to both language use and other socially divisive issues, such as foreign policy and historical memory. This finding should also be applicable to other societies with a large‐scale discrepancy between language practice and identity.     

中国南方地区宋元时期的仿古青铜器

在中国南方地区曾发现过多处宋元时期窖藏,并出土过数量可观的仿古青铜器;这些窖藏大都有相关的纪年,而且其中某些仿古青铜器本身就带有制作年号,提供了宋元仿古青铜器重要特征的识别依据,甚至可作为它们断代的标尺。本文即从这些有一定代表性的,且来源途径可信的出土仿古青铜器着手,以考古类型学的方法,梳理分析其特点。以期对传世的宋元以后仿古青铜器的断代提供参考。     

语用可迁移性研究概述

从语用可迁移性研究产生的背案、理论基础和Takahashi的实证研究三方面介绍了语用可迁移性研究的现状。语用迁移研究是中介语语用学的一个分支,其理论来源于Eckman的标记性理论,并经由Kellerman等认知心理语言学学者发展出心理语言标记性理论。语言可迁移性研究包括Kellerman的“breken”和“ogg”词汇可迁移性试验及金苏扬的“眼”词汇可迁移性研究。迄今唯一的在语用层面的可迁移性研究为Takahashi的日语间接请求策略可迁移性研究。介绍了其研究方法、步骤及发现。该研究证实学习者在迁移某语用策略时具有选择性,可迁移性同时受到语境,学习者语言水平等因素的影响。提出语用可迁移性研究存在的问题和研究方向。     

浅谈体态语在小学英语教学中的应用

体态语是语言的一种,属于非言语性的语言。它是由人的面部表情、身体姿势、肢体动作和体位变化而构成的种种图象符号。体态语是教学的一种辅助教学手段,在小学英语教学中有着极其重要的作用,有时甚至会“无声胜有声”。近年来,笔者在英语教学时,根据教材的内容,创设情景,注意挖掘教材中可用体态语教学的内容,激发了学生的学习积极性,促进了师生交流,提高了教学效率,取得了良好的效果。