Dark Nightmare: The Shooting of William Alexander as Canon Scott Saw it

Frederick G. Scott's World War I war memoir, The Great War As I Saw It, contains the sole unofficial eyewitness recording of a court martial execution that we possess. The case of William Alexander 20726 Alexander, William. 20726. Service records. Library Archives Canada, RG24, vol. 2538 HQS 1822, RG 150/acc 1992-93/166/Box 83-992 and RG24-C-1, 1946 Central Army Registry R112-553-X-E, Reel C-5053 90,  [Google Scholar], executed in October 1917, for desertion in the face of the enemy compelled Scott to devote more printed space to it than to the death of his own son, Henry. A discussion based upon a close reading of Scott's memoir and an exposition from archival sources of Alexander's case demonstrates the ways in which Scott evades the case's disturbing implications echoes wider aspects of Canada's early memorialization of the Great War.     

"Just War" and the Contemporary Art of Justifying the Unjustifiable

Abstract

This article assesses the recent application of "just war" criteria by Charles Reed. It is clear Reed has uncritically supported Anglo-American power by omitting a great deal of counter evidence and by misrepresenting opposing views. Some consideration is given to the ways in which intellectuals can unintentionally support violence and power.     

Forging political entrepreneurs: Civil war effects on post-conflict politics in Italy

How does violent mobilization affect post-conflict elections? This article studies the impact that violent collective mobilization has on local electoral behavior after domestic conflict. We argue that post-conflict democratic politics at the local level can be dramatically affected by local experience of civil war. The use of violence during the war and especially local political entrepreneurs who have emerged from the conflict can influence post-violent politics. We use as case-study the civil war that took place in Italy during the last phase of World War II. Using new spatially disaggregated data on armed groups' location and violent episodes, we assess the impact of the violent mobilization on the 1946 elections, which took place after the conflict. We find that partisans' mobilization and, more weakly, Nazi-Fascist violent acts influenced local politics, shifting votes towards more radical positions. Our findings hold across numerous robustness checks.     

南宋川陕战区兵力部署的失衡与吴曦之变

南宋在川陕战区兵力部署中,基于战略防御和节制武将的考虑,形成兴州、金州、兴元府三大屯驻重心。在具体兵力分布上,由于吴氏武将集团的影响,兴州驻军的数量与实力最为强大,呈现出严重的失衡状态。兴州驻军力量过于强大是吴曦据兴州叛变的关键因素。吴曦叛变平定后,南宋对兴州军事力量予以分化,又导致兵力分散和不利于边疆防御的弊端,体现出南宋削弱地方军事力量与加强边疆防御的两难困境。川陕战区兵力部署的演变,蕴涵着南宋加强中央集权的真实内容。     

孙吴兵法与战国时期的著书风气

本文用地下出土的《孙子兵法》材料与传世文献记载相印证,探讨了该书的原始及流传情况。从《孙子兵法》、《孙膑兵法》、《吴子》诸书的产生与发展入手,论证我国战国时期曾存在过的,假托圣人、智者与人问答的著书风气。而这种风气的形成,实肇源于兵书的影响。     

语境、政治与历史：义和团运动评价50年

百年以来,占支配地位的对义和团的评价意见,主要不是来自学术本身,而是源于对中国现状与未来走向的观察与判断。整个20世纪,人们据以言说义和团的语境发生了多次深刻变迁：从五四时期反传统启蒙语境到2040年代的反帝国主义救亡语境,从50-60年代的反西方冷战语境到80年代的反封建新启蒙语境,再至90年代的反激进新保守主义语境,大体可以看作指导义和团评价的语境变迁史。语境不同,义和团这一历史事件的面貌也在不断变动。21世纪初叶,中国仍将处在义和团暴动所提出的问题的覆盖之下,对义和团的研究与评价,仍将难以完全摆脱以民族主义为主要内容的政治的制约。     

论椎名麟三的转向体验文学

椎名麟三是战后日本转向体验文学的代表作家之一。他的成名作《深夜的酒宴》和早期作品塑造了一系列转向者的艺术形象,深刻表现了军国主义专制统治时期日本左翼运动的转向现实。体现了战后日本作家对法西斯独裁统治及其发动的侵略战争性质的暧昧认知态度。     

中国抗日战争在世界反法西斯战争中的历史地位

抗日战争时期,在中国共产党的倡导和推动下,建立了全民族的抗日民族统一战线,中国人民的抗日战争抵制和消耗了日本军队大量的兵力,阻止了日本进攻苏联的计划,配合和援助了世界反法西斯战争。因此,中国人民抗日战争在世界反法西斯战争中具有重要的历史地位。     

Seeking labour's aristocracy? The ‘Westphalian incident’ and Polish nationality policy in the immediate aftermath of war*

ABSTRACT. In the immediate aftermath of World War II the Polish state placed a high value on national homogeneity. The Polish Committee of National Liberation signed population exchange agreements with its socialist neighbours in September 1944 and expelled the German population who remained within the new Polish borders. Far less frequently discussed are the Polish state's efforts to persuade ‘Poles’ in Western Europe to move to Poland. This paper analyses how Polish policy towards ‘Westphalian Poles’ and the British reaction to Polish claims offer insight into both Polish and British nationality and citizenship policy in the immediate post‐war period. I argue that the quality of potential labour played an important role in both British and Polish thinking. The paper also contends that the ‘Westphalian incident’ gives useful insights into the emergence of the Cold War.     

论伊儿汗合赞

合赞是伊儿汗国第七位君主,1295年奉伊斯兰教为国教,使蒙古人在波斯的统治政策发生根本性转变,顺应了波斯社会历史发展的客观需要;合赞大力进行社会改革,把掠夺成性的蒙古游牧贵族转变为关心定居生活的封建领主;合赞还鼓励发展科学文化教育事业,传承和发展了波斯文明。所有这一切,合赞是积极的、进步的,并且是主要的。但是,合赞与埃及的马木路克王朝为争夺叙利亚,多次发动战争,反映出蒙古统治阶级本身的消极和落后性。不过,在合赞汗一生的事业中只占次要地位。合赞汗在伊朗历史和蒙古族历史上是一位杰出的统治者。