饭店企业基于盈利细分的竞争战略研究

本提出基于盈利细分的竞争战略,即饭店应关注高盈利价值的顾客群体,致力于满足这些顾客群体的真正需要。     

The Archaeology of Global Encounters Viewed from Banda, Ghana

West African societies have long been enmeshed in interregional, subcontinental, and intercontinental relations. Documents tell us little about how local life was shaped by its intersection with global processes, especially in coastal hinterlands. In this paper I report on archaeological investigations into the changing contours of local life in the Banda area of west central Ghana over the past seven centuries. Excavations at three temporally distinct occupations on two sites—Makala Kataa and Kuulo Kataa—document changes in settlement, craft production, subsistence, and exchange, providing insights into the dynamics of local life during a period of expanding global networks. A concluding section addresses why this type of research is important for our understanding of ancient African societies. Les sociétés Ouest Africaines sont depuis longtemps parties prenantes dans les relations inter-régionales, sous-continentales et inter-continentales. Les documents ne nous disent pas grand chose sur la manière dont la vie locale a été façonnée par cette interaction avec les processus mondiaux, particulièrement dans les arrières pays côtiers. Dans cet article, je rends compte des recherches archéologiques concernant les changements dans la vie locale intervenus dans la région de Banda au centre ouest du Ghana au cours des sept derniers siècles. Les fouilles dans trois occupations temporellement distincts sur deux sites—Makala Kataa et Kuulo Kataa—mettent en évidence les changements dans l'occupation, la production artisanale, les modes de subsistances et les échanges, donnant un aperçu des dynamiques de la vie locale durant une période d'expansion des réseaux mondiaux d'échange. La conclusion aborde les raisons pour lesquelles ce type de recherche est important pour notre compréhension des anciennes sociétés africaines.     

关于我国旅游业国际竞争力的思考

研究旅游业国际竞争力具有十分重要的意义。本用波特国家竞争优势理论对我国旅游业国际竞争力现状进行了分析,认为我国旅游业虽具有某些优势,但现有的国际竞争力较弱。同时,作认为研究旅游业国际竞争力应具有多相测度。     

试述制约旅游业有效竞争的因素与对策

本文对目前市场中存在制约旅游企业有效竞争的因素进行分析,并提出相应对策.     

中国旅游业地域不平衡分析

由于多种因素:中国自然地理条件、社会历史文化、经济状况等的区域差异,使我国旅游业表现出地域差异。因此本文根据三大地区的划分,着重比较了各地区的供给与需求的差异,并分析了其差异性的根源。在旅游供给的地域不平衡部分,对旅游供给的四个部分:旅游资源及其开发阶段与趋势、旅游设施、旅游服务、旅游基础设施进行分析。在需求的地域不平衡部分,对国内旅游、海外旅游、出境旅游逐个进行了分析。最后提出了我国区域旅游业发展的策略。     

传统旅游目的地生态旅游潜在市场及开发策略初探--以四川峨眉山风景区为例

对生态旅游和生态游客的概念进行了综述,通过面访调查和侧面观测技术,研究了峨眉山生态旅游潜在客源市场的基本状况,划分了游客的生态类型倾向度,得出他们多属一般型和组织型生态游客的结论。建立多种数学模型估测了生态旅游的市场规模,从市场分析的角度,提出了峨眉山生态旅游的基本开发策略。     

The Pleistocene Later Stone Age south of the Limpopo River

The earliest Later Stone Age (LSA) industries from southern Africa are microlithic and unstandardized and include the bipolar technique. The dating of these industries is controversial and the earliest microlithic industry is said to occur at Border Cave at about 39,000 B.P. By 18,000 B.P. a bladelet tradition was established and this was replaced in many parts of southern Africa, at about 12,000 B.P., by a widespread and prolific nonmicrolithic industry, characterized by side-struck flakes. The late Pleistocene environment was colder than present, with particularly harsh conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), between about 20,000 and 18,000 B.P. Populations may have been isolated because archaeological visibility is low during the LGM and decreases further after the LGM. After 13,000 B.P. there is a dramatic increase in sites and this implies that there may have been widespread colonization of territory previously unoccupied for tens of thousands of years. By the end of the late Pleistocene there was a change in hunting patterns, in parts of southern Africa, from an emphasis on the capture of large, gregarious grazers to an emphasis on small, solitary browsers. Social complexity increased during the late Pleistocene, and by 12,000 B.P. it seems possible that Stone Age people were observing some social practices recorded historically among Bushmen (San).     

The Virgin Anasazi,far western Puebloans

In the American Southwest, the Virgin Anasazi region included the western part of the Colorado Plateaus and the river valleys of the adjoining Mojave Desert in Utah, Nevada, and Arizona. This occupation spanned the Puebloan periods from Basketmaker II to Early Pueblo III, roughly A.D. 1 to A.D. 1200. Virgin Anasazi subsistence combined cultivation with hunting and gathering. Current research is unveiling a prehistoric society with flexible food procurement strategies and group organization. They underwent a version of the pit house-to-pueblo transition familiar from the Kayenta and northern San Juan areas. Both intra- and interregional exchange seems to have peaked in Late Pueblo II times and then fallen off prior to the end of their culture history. Face-to-face communities remained small, even into the late 1100s, when other Anasazi areas saw the beginnings of aggregation. Their fate, early in the widespread abandonment of the northern Southwest, remains to be understood.     

Holocene prehistory of the northernmost north Pacific

We examine evidence for Holocene contact between Asia and North America across what is now the Bering Strait, emphasizing maritime adaptation. After 10,000 B.P. residual influence of the Siberian Paleolithic is clear, and derivative Americans were moving southward along the open Pacific coast and settling in the eastern Aleutian Islands. By 6000 B.P. maritime adaptation is evident in the Kodiak Island region, and expansion westward brought colonization of the entire Aleutian chain of islands before 3000 B.P. In Asia there was marine subsistence on Hokkaido by 6000 B.P, but in the lower Amur River region, the southern and northern regions of the Okhotsk Sea, the coast of Kamchatka, and the Chukchi Peninsula no major maritime interest can be dated until after 2700 or even 2500 B.P In north Alaska, the mainland was cut off from Siberia by 6000 B.P with the rise of postglacial seas, but contact was reestablished 5000 B.P at the cultural level of the nonmaritime Siberian Neolithic. Pronounced marine orientation appears intrusively in north Alaska somewhat before 3000 B.P, when the only known source for the technology was the region extending from the Gulf of Alaska through the Aleutian Islands. Thereafter developed the maritime culture of the historic Eskimo people.     

Building a cross-border territorial strategy between four countries: wishful thinking?

Since 2010 and the launch of the METROBORDER project, funded by ESPON, Luxembourg and the neighbouring regions in Belgium, France and Germany have pursued the objective of creating a cross-border polycentric metropolitan region. In order to achieve this goal, the political actors have decided to elaborate a cross-border territorial strategy to bring more coherence and cohesion to a cross-border region characterized by its strong functional integration, due to the very high number of cross-border commuters. This paper reflects the approach that we have followed, as external advisors, to animate the debate between the stakeholders and to provide evidence for the decision-making process. Its objective is to examine the content of this cross-border territorial strategy and to question whether such a strategy between four countries is at all possible, efficient and able to answer to challenges of cross-border integration. An analytical framework has been designed, taking into consideration different approaches of cross-border integration, in order to examine, in a critical way, the content of the cross-border strategy.