魏晋南北朝瓷器纹饰三题

魏晋南北朝时期瓷容器肩腹部的装饰性纹饰带多为几何纹、植物纹及贴饰的铺首、佛像、骑马武士、仙人瑞兽等内容;堆塑罐上纹饰主要包括模拟现实生活类、虚构的祥禽瑞兽类和宗教类三种;青瓷莲花尊的出现与佛教有关,其器物上主要纹样如莲瓣、忍冬、菩提、宝相花等都直接源于佛教艺术.     

The importance of communal forests in carbon storage: Using and destabilizing carbon measurement in understanding Guatemala's payments for ecosystem services

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a conservation initiative that offer payments to people who own or manage lands that provide desired ecosystem services. Utilizing mixed methods, I examine how PES in the form of government-issued forestry incentives interact with land tenure to affect carbon storage in Guatemala's Western Highlands. Land tenure is a larger determining factor for carbon storage than payments, as communal forests managed by Indigenous Maya K'iche' communities have significantly higher carbon stocks than private landholdings in these same communities. No statistically significant differences were found in carbon stocks between incentivized and non-incentivized plots, and participants enrolled only a fraction of their land, likely prioritizing enrollment of degraded plots. These results indicate the importance of using both social and physical science methods to understand the physical outcomes and social context of forest management. I also reflect on why carbon storage is often prioritized, drawing on a critical physical geography framework to analyze carbon accounting methods. Measuring carbon storage gives us the tools to describe the success of communal forest management, yet I also caution relying on the quantification of ecosystem services as a method for landscape valuation and suggest avoiding prioritizing carbon storage and sequestration.