晚清地方官对民间经济活动的管理——以近代江南地区的碑刻资料为分析基础

碑刻资料保留了地方官署管理民间经济活动的大量记录,客观地反映了地方官对待民间经济活动的态度与行为。晚清江南地区地方官署在对民间经济活动的管理中着力构建市场秩序、保障市场运行,体现了积极发展工商业经济、规范民间日常经济活动的努力,呼应了晚清政府对经济政策的宏观调整。但是,在规范市场行为的同时,地方政府继续维护牙行的垄断利益,屈从于行规、业规等民间习惯法,维护旧式行会的权威性。这些矛盾做法,构成晚清时期经济管理活动中新旧共存的过渡特色,导致了政策与执行之间的落差。     

Life at the end of the Holocene moist phase in south‐east Arabia — the Late Neolithic site of Jebel Thanais 1 (JTH1)

The surface site of Jebel Thanais 1 is located in the Emirate of Sharjah (U.A.E.) at the western flank of the Jebel Faya/Jebel Buhais anticline structure. A dense scatter of lithic artefacts and fireplaces indicates Stone Age settlement activities in this area. Radiocarbon dates obtained from fireplaces date the occupation of the site to both the beginning and the very end of the fifth millennium cal. BC. During the second half of the fifth millennium the deterioration of climatic conditions in south‐east Arabia had a noticeable impact on settlement patterns and subsistence strategies. While coastal habitation sites from this time are well known along the shores of the Oman peninsula, only a few poorly dated sites allow insights into habitation and raw material procurement strategies and lithic technology in the interior. Investigations into the spatial structure of the site and an analysis of lithic finds will contribute to a better understanding of this period.     

谈唐河针织厂汉画像石墓的年代问题

本文主要依据唐河针织厂汉画像石墓的形制、石刻画像利用率的高低、画像内容的类别题材、配置组合、雕刻技法等几个方面,与本地区有纪年的及其他画像进行比较分析,对该墓的年代作了进一步的考证和推测。     

《汝帖》摹刻汉墓石兽刻字考辨

东汉“天禄、辟邪”刻字分别见于宗资和州辅墓前石兽。依据相关资料进行研究发现,《汝帖》“天禄、辟邪”刻字是以宗资墓前石兽膊间拓本为底本,又摭拾了州辅墓碑间残剩十字摹刻入帖,因此《汝帖》辑存了古碑书法善之善者。     

An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Hafting and Stone Tool Diversity among the Gamo of Ethiopia

The significance of flaked stone tool variation has been a source of great archaeological debate for over 100 years. Even though evidence for stone tool hafting exists as far back as the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age, there is a dearth of information concerning how hafting affects stone tool technology. This ethnoarchaeological study of hafted stone scrapers among the Gamo of southern Ethiopia examines why a single cultural group utilizes two different hafts, which generate different lithic morphologies, technologies, and spatial distributions. The relationships between history, environment, and social group membership are explored to demonstrate how these associations create variation in technological practices.

The Lower Paleolithic of the Arabian Peninsula: Occupations,Adaptations, and Dispersals

To understand major processes of human evolution during the Plio- Pleistocene, it is necessary to consider the available evidence from key regions of the Old World. The Arabian peninsula is often depicted as a key geographic route for hominin dispersals in Out of Africa models, although the available primary evidence is rarely cited. And yet, significant Lower Paleolithic assemblages have been identified in many parts of the peninsula, including in areas near the Strait of Bab al Mandab. The presence of Oldowan-like and Acheulean assemblages may reflect at least two major dispersals outside of Africa. Acheulean localities are particularly abundant on the Arabian peninsula, and variations in stone tool manufacturing techniques and tool-type frequencies may reflect temporal changes in assemblages. Although there is good potential to chronometrically date sites in the Arabian peninsula, absolute dating methods have not been adequately applied, most temporal reconstructions relying on typotechnological change. If the Arabian peninsula is to provide solid evidence for understanding hominin adaptation and dispersal patterns, future fieldwork in secure depositional contexts needs to be conducted to overcome current limits in dating and environmental reconstructions.     

The effect of soil conditions on the long-term corrosion of buried tin-bronzes and copper

The object of this work was to relate the corrosion of tin-bronzes to the chemical condition of the soil in which they have been buried, most of them since the Bronze Age. Naturally, it was not easy to obtain recent hoards with their related soils, and considerable reliance had to be placed on recorded finds by taking recent soil samples from sites on which hoards were found over a hundred years earlier. Even so, with the exception of peat, a reasonable relationship appears to exist between the pH of the soil and the state of the metal. Acid soils are aggressive to metals and alkaline soils are benign. In no cases were sulphate reducing bacteria active in promoting corrosion. In the main, peat and peaty soils were benign in spite of their acidity, probably due to the protective action of polyphenols.     

Preparation of a new calcite layer from calcium glycolate for the conservation of sulfated limestone artifacts

A novel preparation method of calcite layer was explored for the conservation purpose of the surface sulfation limestone artifacts. In this method, the alcoholic solution of calcium glycolate was used as a precursor of calcite layer. After application on the surface of gypsum crust on limestone by spraying, calcium glycolate can combine with the carbon dioxide spontaneously and form a compact calcite layer. The obtained calcite layer can act as a shelter and can prevent the gypsum crust from the dissolution damage of the natural precipitation. The protective properties of the calcite layer were investigated by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), water erosion resistance, water absorption, colour difference, surface strength, and hardness test. The results revealed that the water erosion resistance, surface strength, and hardness of the treated sample were increased remarkably. Meanwhile, the intrinsic physical properties such as porosity, capillary absorption, and appearance were not affected obviously, indicating a good compatibility of the proposed protection method.     

甘肃出土糟朽木器材质鉴定及特征分析

甘肃木器是反映河西走廊古丝绸之路文化、历史和社会重要的珍贵遗产。武威、高台作为甘肃木器重要的发现地,出土器物不仅类型、风格迥异,而且器物材质形态、结构特征明显,属于典型的糟朽木器类型。研究工作从木材学的角度出发,应用生物切片技术,对出土器物材质树种、特征及特性进行了科学鉴定和剖析。鉴定结果表明,树种类型有:①云杉;②冷杉;③圆柏;④落叶松;⑤胡杨;⑥榆树;⑦香椿;同时采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析技术对糟朽木质纤维显微形态、结构进行了观察和分析,分析结果表明:出土糟朽木器木质结构已发生降解、腐变,其材质形态特征及特性会随着后期保存环境及其因素的影响、腐蚀而频繁变化或骤变。最后,分析工作对糟朽木器纤维素结晶度、降解度等相关物理参数进行了实验测定。测定结果表明:出土实物纤维素结晶度约为58%,而纤维降解度达到40%以上。综合以上鉴定结果和实验数据,得出以下结论:①甘肃木器制作材质涉及的树种种类较多,基本以云杉材为主,而青海云杉在祁连山林区分布广泛,为其制作用材提供了丰富的天然材料;②材质糟朽及纤维严重降解是甘肃木器重要的材质特征,表现为纤维(纤维素、半纤维素)含量降低呈现木素含量升高,而木素含量的相对增大,则是导致材质颜色变深的重要原因;③受糟朽器物自身含水率的变化、影响,其材质特征具有脆弱性和不稳定性,而且改变、变化过程通常具有滞后性,导致结果往往是致命的;④纤维素结晶度和纤维降解度是衡量和评估糟朽木器材质健康状况重要的物理参数,二者之间存在关联关系。本研究结果可为糟朽木器形态与结构研究提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

高棉瓷器制作工艺初探

为揭示高棉古代瓷器的制作工艺及其特征,用体视显微镜、微聚焦能量色散X射线荧光光谱仪、X射线衍射仪等,对柬埔寨Thnal Mrech窑与Bang Kong窑出土的陶瓷器进行系统的分析测试。结果表明,两个窑口使用了不同种类的制瓷原料。Thnal Mrech窑的青釉瓷原料具有高硅低铝的特征,对原料的处理比较精细;瓷胎、釉颜色的差异,与其铁、钛等致色元素的含量有关;两个窑口的瓷釉中,均添加了草木灰作为主要助熔剂,从瓷釉的配方来说,Thnal Mrech窑与Bang Kong青釉瓷均属钙釉,而Bang Kang窑的酱釉瓷中既有钙碱釉,也有碱钙釉;柬埔寨吴哥时期陶瓷器的烧制温度可达1200℃,同时,两个窑口的瓷器烧成温度还没有一个严格的标准。分析结果对探讨柬埔寨古陶瓷发展史及中柬之间的文化交流史有重要参考价值。