DIALOGUES IN HISTORIOGRAPHY Historiography and Historians of Neuroscience: Towards Diversity in the ISHN

This article introduces and critiques the historiographical tradition of the history of the neurosciences as it has been established in the International Society for the History of the Neurosciences (ISHN). The founding members of the ISHN were practitioner-historians, practitioners of the neurosciences with an interest in the great moments, ideas and controversies in the history of their field. The historiographical precedent set by these clinician-historians emphasized those aspects of history most interesting to them. Academic historians bring a different approach to the history of the neurosciences, particularly an interest in studying the intellectual and cultural contexts of both the inherited and the forgotten ideas about the nervous system. Their approach to history has not been well represented in the ISHN, in part because the current historiographical tradition does not address their interests. This article highlights the methodological and epistemological differences between academic and practitioner-historians and discusses the difficulties that other historical societies have faced in trying to bring them together. The article then suggests ideas for symposia that might facilitate an interdisciplinary dialogue and a revised historiographical tradition that speaks to the needs of both academic historians and practitioner historians.     

Forms without Substance or Synchronism? Attempts to Define Culture and Civilisation in Early Twentieth-Century Romania

This article discusses attempts to define culture and civilisation in early twentieth-century Romania on the basis of two fundamental Romanian models of development: the theory of forms without substance and the theory of synchronism. The former is studied here primarily in relation to the views of Titu Maiorescu (1840–1917) and Constantin Radulescu-Motru (1868–1957) and the latter in relation to the views of Eugen Lovinescu (1881–1943). While the theory of forms without substance asserts a would-be ‘traditional’ and ‘organic’ development of Romanian culture and civilisation, the theory of synchronism proposes a development according to the ‘spirit of the age’ and the ‘law of simulation-stimulation’. In the present study, these opposed models of development are observed in relation to the general tendencies towards a pronounced critical spirit and towards discussing cultural vs. structural changes or culture vs. power in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century Europe. The Romanian models of development are also studied on the background of wider European discussions on Enlightenment and modernism, historicism, conservatism and liberalism, German vs. French influence and nationalist vs. cosmopolitan attitudes.     

SEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF A R/C WALL: NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION

This paper describes the numerical simulation of the seismic behaviour of a mock-up of a six-floor building, constituted by two parallel R/C walls and experimentally tested on a shaking table. Within the scope of an international benchmark the mock-up was submitted to three earthquakes with intensities up to 0.71 g, which induced nonlinear behaviour in the concrete and reinforcement. For the numerical simulations concrete is discretised with 2D finite elements, and its behaviour reproduced via a constitutive model with two scalar damage variables. Steel rebars are discretised with 2-noded truss elements, and their constitutive behaviour under cyclic conditions reproduced by the Menegottb-Pinto model. Specific attention is devoted to Rayleigh damping, focusing on two different strategies: (i) disregarding the damping contribution, or (ii) adopting a damping matrix that takes into account the stiffness changes during the nonlinear analyses. Main results and strategies for simulating the benchmark axe presented, with emphasis on the comparison between the numerical and the experimental results, which show good agreement when the damping contribution is neglected.     

MODELLING OF RC MEMBERS UNDER CYCLIC BIAXIAL FLEXURE AND AXIAL FORCE

A model is proposed for the incremental force-deformation behaviour of reinforced concrete sections and members, under generalised load or deformation histories in 3D, including cyclic loading, up to ultimate deformation. At the section level the model is of the Bounding Surface type and accounts for the coupling between the two directions of bending and between them and the axial direction. For the construction of the member tangent flexibility matrix on the basis of the section tangent flexibility matrix, a piecewise-linear variation along the member is assumed for the nine terms of the tangent section flexibility matrix. Model parameters are derived on the basis of available test results for: (a) the force-deformation response under cyclic biaxial bending with normal force; (b) the hysteretic energy dissipation; (c) the secant-to-yield member stiffness, and (d) the ultimate deformation of the member under cyclic biaxial load paths.     

MODELLING OF STRUCTURAL ACCELERATIONS AND APPLICATION TO CONTROLLER DESIGN

In this paper a method for the identification of simplified linear models for building structures is applied to the case when acceleration, rather than displacement, is measured. A frame from benchmark structural controller studies is simulated, and from the input-output data of these simulations, simplified models for the acceleration response of the frame are obtained that have far fewer degrees of freedom. One of these simplified models is used to design a controller, which is tested using an evaluation model from the benchmark controller studies and found to be effective.     

水体游憩环境的体验感知测评——以丹东为例

水体游憩环境是一种服务于人们游憩活动,融环境、经济、社会等功能于一体的生态体验景观网络。以辽宁丹东的青山沟镇、大梨树村、大孤山镇(大鹿岛)及长甸镇(河口岛)等四个村镇为例,采用结构方程模型(SEM)验证了水体生态体验景观网络中活动、背景、体验及利益等行动体属性之间的结构关系,为水体游憩环境规划管理模式的构建奠定理论基础。在模型验证过程中,运用SPSS11.0及AMOS6.0软件测试水体景观网络行动体的结构关系模型及相互作用路径系数;拟合度检验表明,该结构方程模型具有较高的可靠性。     

洞庭湖湿地景观特征与农业产业化模式研究

洞庭湖湿地是我国最大的淡水湖泊湿地景观生态系统之一,湿地农业资源丰富,农业开发历史悠久,生产化水平较高,是我国重要的农业商品基地。由于过去长期受传统耕作方式的影响,农业产业化程度较低,农业经济发展缓慢;本文根据洞庭湖湿地景观特征,对洞庭湖湿地农业资源和湿地农业开发现状进行了评价和分析,指出了湿地农业开发中存在的问题,提出了洞庭湖湿地农业产业化开发利用模式,以实现洞庭湖湿地农业经济的飞速发展。     

旅游地的吸引力系统及其管理研究

旅游地的吸引力是一种结构性的吸引力,它由旅游资源吸引力、旅游服务吸引力、旅游环境吸引力等要素共同构成,这一结构系统中的吸引力要素存在演化逻辑上的差异。从形成过程看,旅游地吸引力系统要经历运作结构形成、运作结构被感知、结构形象树立和结构吸引力定型等基本阶段。     

TOWARDS UNIFICATION OF THE SOCIO‐ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES: THE VALUE OF COUPLED MODELS

The major environmental problems of the twenty‐first century, including climate change, water scarcity, pollution and resource exhaustion, represent a new category of crisis and highlight the desperate need for an integrated science of socio‐ecological phenomena. To help establish the foundations of such a science, we explore three traditions of mathematical theory: the Lotka–Volterra interactions of ecological theory, niche construction models of population genetics, and theory from the gene–culture coevolution tradition. We review the theoretical tools of each of these traditions in explaining cultural articulation with the environment. Although the theoretical core of the science we propose does not exist, cultural evolutionary theory supplies useful tools to analyse endogenous culture, cultural dynamics, and deeply rooted behavioural links to the environment. We also present a coupled model for demonstration, and suggest that coupled socio‐ecological models can provide a formal theory to help address the emergent socio‐ecological problems of the future.     

Equation and Adequation: The World Traced by the Phillips Curve

This paper considers the power of abstract formalization in capitalism, via an account of the politics and geography of an equation. The equation in question lies behind the Phillips curve, which describes the relation between price inflation and unemployment or output. I examine the evolution of the equation and its relation to macroeconomics' renewed emphasis, since the late 1960s, on long‐run monetary neutrality. Considering the Phillips curve and its theoretical and technical armature as social practice, I discuss some of the political and distributional questions that arise from the mode of spatial and temporal abstraction particular to modern macroeconomic analysis and policy‐making. The paper has three parts: a brief history of the Phillips curve, an examination of its modern equation‐form, and an analysis of its part in the dialectical process of “real abstraction”, through which logical space and time prioritize and produce both the spatial “macro” and the temporal “long‐run”.