Technical Strategies for Conservation of Earthen Archaeological Architecture

The preservation of earthen architectural heritage is extremely complex due to the diversity of its constituent materials and potentially rapid physical deterioration. Interventions on historic earthen architecture throughout the world have shown very distinct levels of success, but there is no single procedure or combination of conservation procedures that guarantee success. One of the problems is the lack of knowledge about the behaviour of soil as the material component, and its relationships both with other materials, and associated natural and cultural environments. This article analyses some technical considerations that have influenced the preservation of earthen archaeological remains, through critical analysis of the existing bibliographic references from the proceedings of specialized international conferences that have taken place in the last twenty years.     

Mortality Trends in Massachusetts Before 1860

The debate over whether turn-of-the-century immigrants were influenced more by their cultural heritage or by their socioeconomic circumstances when deciding to send their children either to school or to work, serves to illustrate the interplay between theory and evidence in the research process. The authors examine how ethnicity, the local economy, and the family economy affected children's participation in school and work. Using cost-of-living data from 1888-1890, they find that the effects of ethnicity on children's school participation were attenuated by local and family economy factors, and in some cases ethnic group coefficients no longer differed significantly from those of Yankees. The significant effects of ethnicity on children's work participation, however, persisted even when local and family economy factors were taken into consideration.     

Old Wine in New Bottles: The Utility of Data Reanalysis in the Social Sciences

Abstract

The authors reconstruct processes of ethnic identification among residents of rural northeast China from the end of the eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth through an analysis of naming behavior. They apply discrete-time event-history techniques to individual life histories compiled from longitudinal, nominative household-register data from state farms in what is now Liaoning Province to identify the individual and household circumstances associated with the adaptation of Han or Manchu names, focusing on the role of heredity and status. Ethnic identification in late imperial northeast China was potentially fluid. Many residents were descended from migrants from Shandong who became hereditary tenants on state land administered by a system of Manchu government known as the Eight Banners. As banner people, or qiren, these residents could legitimately claim to be Manchu. As descendants of Shandong migrants, they could also claim to be Han. They could express their choice of ethnic identity through their choice of names not just for their children but also for themselves. Names not only express ethnic self-identification, but their registration by state authorities in the analyzed data also implies official recognition and legitimacy. The authors' results demonstrate that ethnic identity was not hereditary but subject to individual and family choice.     

THE GROWTH OF LITERACY IN FRANCE DURING THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES

ABSTRACT

The Ottoman Empire faced catastrophic events during its period of dissolution which started with the First World War. At the end of this war, the Ottoman lands were shared by the Allied forces. As a reaction to this occupation, the Turkish War of Independence started in 1919 and finished in 1923. The authors aim to examine how these events were reflected in the ?stanbul bourse, using Ottoman government bond prices data between 1918 and 1925. Econometric methodology of Carla Inclan and George Tiao (1994 Inclan, C., and G. Tiao. 1994. Use of the cumulative sums of squares for retrospective detection of changes of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89:913–23.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) identifies several break points, which imply a lower risk for the repayment of the bonds during the end of the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence.     

A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World

Abstract

The reasons for the lack of communication between economists and econophysicists are clarified by giving an outline of the methodological differences between economics and econophysics, which has emerged as a new field of research over the last decade. Theorists working in econophysics see economic and financial phenomena through the ‘lens’ of statistical physics. So far, there has been no real dialogue between economists and econophysicists because both communities adhere to their own methodological precepts.     

民营超市购物选择行为影响因素的模型构建与实证研究——以福州市为例

超市是购物休闲的重要场所,探究消费者购物选择行为对超市经营发展有重要作用。该研究以永辉民营连锁超市为载体,采用结构方程模型构建社区居民购物选择行为影响因素与选择行为结果之间数量关系的计量量表。研究表明:(1)福州民营超市消赞者选择行为结果受到多重因素的综合影响;(2)商品退换保证成为民营超市管理环节的重要组成部分;(3)交通便捷程度是购物行为的主要制约四素;(4)网络传媒和朋友推荐是重要的购物信息来源。该研究建立存商业地理学和行为地理学基础上,为民营企业经营决策提供科学依据。     

Structural power, agency and national liberation: the case of East Timor

The struggle for independence in East Timor, which came to fruition in 1999, illustrates both that agency can be exercised in ways that change social structures and that changing structural relations are necessary for the effective exercise of agency. This paper presents a basic Marxist theoretical framework for analysing structural power, contrasting this with the understanding of structure developed by structurationists. It then examines the Timorese independence struggle at two crucial turning points, showing how differing structural contexts enabled different outcomes at those turning points.     

文物建筑材质的研究与保存

古建筑建造中不少传统材料具有科学性与实用性,同时也有局限性,应探讨新材料如何与传统材料相结合。     

城市居民休闲生活满意度及其影响机制:以杭州为例

经典休闲满意度定义衡量的是个体在休闲活动过程中体验到的主观感受,实质上是休闲活动满意度,而不是个体对于其整个休闲生活状况的综合评价。文章因此提出了休闲生活满意度的概念,并以杭州为案例,对中国城市居民休闲生活满意度状况及其影响机制进行了探讨。研究发现,目前中国城市居民休闲生活满意度总体偏低。结构方程模型分析的结果表明:休闲时间、休闲参与频率、休闲活动满意度对休闲生活满意度都有一定正向影响,其中休闲时间、休闲参与频率的影响较大,而休闲活动满意度的影响较小。     

Precipitation of fracture fillings and cements in the Buntsandstein (NW Germany)

The relationship between fracturing and fracture filling in opening‐mode fractures in the Triassic Buntsandstein in the Lower Saxony Basin (LSB; NW Germany) has been studied by an integration of petrographic and structural analysis of core samples, strontium isotope analysis and microthermometry on fluid inclusions. This revealed the relationship between the timing of the fracturing and the precipitation of different mineral phases in the fractures by constraining the precipitation conditions and considering the possible fluid transport mechanisms. The core was studied from four different boreholes, located in different structural settings across the LSB. In the core samples from the four boreholes, fractures filled with calcite, quartz and anhydrite were found, in addition to pore‐filling calcite cementation. In boreholes 2 and 3, calcite‐filled fractures have a fibrous microstructure whereas in borehole 1, fractures are filled with elongate‐blocky calcite crystals. Anhydrite‐filled fractures have, in all samples, a blocky to elongate‐blocky microstructure. Fractures that are filled with quartz are observed in borehole 2 only where the quartz crystals are ‘stretched’ with an elongated habit. Fluid inclusion microthermometry of fracturing‐filling quartz crystals showed that quartz precipitation took place at temperatures of at least 140°C, from a fluid with NaCl–CaCl₂–H₂O composition. Melting phases are meta‐stable and suggest growth from high salinity formation water. Strontium isotopes, measured in leached host rock, indicate that, in boreholes 2 and 3, the fluid which precipitated the calcite cements and calcite‐filled fractures is most likely locally derived whereas in borehole 1, the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios from the pore‐filling cements and in the elongate‐blocky calcite‐filled fracture can only be explained by mixing with externally derived fluids. The elongate‐blocky anhydrite‐filled fractures, present in boreholes 1, 3 and 4, precipitated from a mixture of locally derived pore fluids and a significant quantity of fluid with a lower, less radiogenic, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio. Taking into account the structural evolution of the basin and accompanying salt tectonics, it is likely that the underlying Zechstein is a source for the less radiogenic fluids. Based on the samples in the LSB, it is probable that fibrous fracture fillings in sedimentary rocks most likely developed from locally derived pore fluids whereas elongate‐blocky fracture fillings with smooth walls developed from externally derived pore fluids.