北京万泉寺遗址金代白瓷胎釉配方的锶同位素特征研究

北京丰台万泉寺遗址位于金中都遗址内,遗址出土金代白瓷样品在形制上符合金代定窑白瓷特征。白瓷胎体成分和锶同位素比值综合研究确定了三种制胎原料,其中:高铝黏土原料的锶同位素比值在0.73左右;白云岩化石灰岩原料的锶同位素比值在0.72左右且钙含量较高;草木灰原料的锶同位素比值在0.71左右,且锶含量在1 000 μg/g左右。通过釉层的成分分析及胎釉成分的对比研究,发现釉层主要使用高硅原料与白云岩化石灰岩配制而成,并受到了部分熔融胎体的强烈影响,根据与草木灰关联性较强的P₂O₅含量推断,釉层中可能也含有一定量草木灰。万泉寺遗址白瓷的研究丰富了有关金代定窑白瓷胎釉配方的认识,确认了白云岩化石灰岩为胎釉的主要钙质助熔剂,揭示了草木灰类助熔剂在胎和釉中可能存在各自独立的来源。     

湖北青龙泉遗址东周时期墓葬出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

本文应用稳定同位素分析技术对湖北青龙泉遗址东周时期墓葬出土人骨中的C、N同位素比值进行了测定。结果显示:青龙泉遗址东周时期居民日常饮食习惯中保持着较低比例的动物性食物摄入,植物类食物的摄入中以C3类植物为主,很可能来源于稻谷,还有部分C4类植物的摄入,来源于粟米。本文的研究可以为复原青龙泉遗址东周时期居民的经济模式研究提供有益的线索。     

A palaeodietary investigation of carbon (C/C) and nitrogen (N/N) in human and faunal bones from the Copper Age cemeteries of Varna I and Durankulak,Bulgaria

Stable isotope analyses have been applied to human and faunal bone collagen from the Varna I and Durankulak cemeteries to explore palaeodietary adaptations in the Neolithic and Eneolithic (Copper Age). The results suggest both populations primarily utilised terrestrial, C₃-based diets, despite their proximity to the Black Sea. The wider δ¹⁵N range of the Durankulak humans likely indicates the differential utilisation of terrestrial meat sources, which is probably related to the degree to which primary and/or secondary ovicaprid products were consumed, particularly since ovicaprid δ¹⁵N values differ from other herbivores. The isotopic distribution of Varna I reflects a linear relationship between δ¹⁵N and δ¹³C, suggesting that a minority of individuals enriched in both isotopic parameters supplemented their diets with marine resources. These burials include the well known ‘chieftain’ (burial 43) and show notable material wealth by way of grave goods. At the population level, however, there is no significant correlation between stable isotope values and material wealth at Varna I, a fact with implications for theories regarding emergent social/economic hierarchies in Balkan prehistory. Five burials at Durankulak were found to have relatively enriched δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values with respect to the rest of the population. These burials reflect a prominently marine-based or mixed terrestrial C₃-based diet that included C₄ inputs, possibly from millet, for which the limitations of stable isotope analysis on bulk collagen are not able to differentiate. AMS dating has shown that these burials belong to a much later period.     

Comparison of rapid preparation methods for Pb isotope analysis of high-Pb ceramic glazes: A case study of late medieval Besztercebánya/Banská Bystrica-type stove tiles

This study identified the provenance of Pb flux used in the production of the glaze of unique, high-quality late medieval stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin, and elaborated and evaluated a fast preparation process to measure Pb isotope ratios in high-Pb glazes. We compared three different methods of preparation. Method 1 consisted of the dissolution of bulk chips of glaze, dilution of the solution and mass spectrometric analysis without Pb purification. Method 2 collected the Pb from the surface of the glaze with acid-impregnated swabs, subsequent dilution and direct analysis of the sample solution. Method 3 used solutions from method 1, extraction of Pb by ion-exchange chromatography and analysis of the purified Pb. Each preparation method produced a similar Pb isotope ratio. The majority of the Pb isotope ratios fall into one group and indicate that lead imported from the Krakow–Silesia mining region was mainly used for production of the glazes of the stove tiles made by different workshops.     

What's in a bone? Recent advances in archaeological bone chemistry

This paper focuses on advances in archaeological bone chemistry since 1989. At that time studies generally shifted from development and application of techniques in bone chemistry to more experimental approaches. In stable isotope studies, controlled feeding experiments have been carried out to determine the routing of various dietary components into bone tissues. Biological apatite has been added to collagen as a tissue of study for stable carbon isotope analysis, providing the ability to study much older remains. Other elements have been added such as hydrogen for the study of paleoclimate and oxygen and strontium isotopes to study life history. Trace element studies have focused on methods of detecting and controlling for diagenesis, and barium has been added to the list of useful dietary indicators. Attempts to extract DNA from archaeological bone have been successful, however, this field is still in its early stages in terms of applications to understanding prehistoric biological relationships.     

From deep to shallow fluid reservoirs: evolution of fluid sources during exhumation of the Sierra Almagrera,Betic Cordillera,Spain

The combination of structural, geochemical and palaeotopographic data proves to be an efficient tool to understand fluid transfers in the crust. This study discriminates shallow and deep fluid reservoirs on both sides of the brittle–ductile transition under an extensional regime and points out the role of major transcurrent fault activity in this palaeohydrogeological setting. Palaeofluids trapped in quartz and siderite–barite veins record the transfer of fluids and metal solute species during the Neogene exhumation of the Sierra Almagrera metamorphic belt. Ductile then brittle–ductile extensional quartz veins formed from a deep fluid reservoir, trapping metamorphic secondary brines containing low‐density volatile phases derived from the dissolution of Triassic evaporites. During exhumation, low‐salinity fluids percolated within the brittle domain, as shown by transgranular fluid inclusion planes affecting previous veins. These observations indicate the opening of the system during Serravalian to early Tortonian times and provide evidence for the penetration of surficial fluids of meteoric or basinal origin into the upper part of the brittle–ductile transition. During exhumation, synsedimentary transcurrent tectonic processes occurred from late Tortonian times onwards, while marine conditions prevailed at the Earth's surface. At depth in the brittle domain, quartz veins associated with haematite record a return to high‐salinity fluid circulation suggesting an upward transfer fed from a lower reservoir. During the Messinian, ongoing activity of the trans‐Alboran tectono‐volcanic trend led to the formation of ore deposits. Reducing fluids caused the formation of siderite and pyrite ores. The subsequent formation of galena and barite may be related to an increase of temperature. The high salinity and Cl/Br ratio of the fluids suggest another source of secondary brine derived from dissolved Messinian evaporites, as corroborated by the δ³⁴S signature of barite. These evaporites preceded the main sea‐level drop related to the peak of the salinity crisis (5.60–5.46 Ma).     

Pyrophyllite formation in the thermal aureole of a hydrothermal system in the Lower Saxony Basin,Germany

A combined clay mineralogical, fluid inclusion, and K‐Ar study of Upper Jurassic metasediments at the Gehn (Lower Saxony Basin, Germany) provides evidence for a transient hydrothermal event during Upper Cretaceous basin inversion centered on a prominent gravimetric anomaly. Kaolinite and smectite in Oxfordian pelitic parent rocks that cap a deltaic sandstone unit were locally transformed into pyrophyllite, 2M₁ illite, R3 illite–smectite, chlorite, and berthierine at the Ueffeln quarry. The pyrophyllite‐bearing metapelites lack bedding‐parallel preferred orientation of sheet silicates and experienced peak temperatures of about 260–270°C consistent with microthermometric data on quartz veins in the underlying silicified sandstones. The presence of expandable layers in illite–smectite and high Kübler Index values indicate that the thermal event was rather short‐lived. K‐Ar dating of the <0.2 μm fraction of the pyrophyllite‐bearing Ueffeln metapelite yields a maximum illitization age of 117 ± 2 Ma. Lower trapping temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions in quartz veins and the absence of pyrophyllite in metapelites of the Frettberg quarry in a distance of about 2.5 km from the Ueffeln quarry infer maximum paleotemperatures of only 220°C. The highly localized thermal anomaly at Ueffeln suggests fault‐controlled fluid migration and heat transfer that provided a thermal aureole for pyrophyllite formation in the metapelites rather than metamorphism due to deep burial. A pH neutral hydrothermal fluid that formed by devolatilization reactions or less likely by mixing of meteoric and marine waters that interacted at depth with shales is indicated by the low salinity (3–5 wt. % NaCl equiv.) of aqueous inclusions, their coexistence with methane–carbon dioxide‐dominated gas inclusions as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope data. The upwelling zone of hydrothermal fluids and the thermal maximum is centered on a gravimetric anomaly interpreted as an igneous intrusion (‘Bramsche Massif’) providing the heat source for the intrabasinal hydrothermal system.     

Silver production at al‐Radrad: archaeometallurgical analysis of ore,slag and technical ceramics from early medieval Yemen

The zinc‐lead‐silver deposit of al‐Jabali, about 65 km north‐east of Sana'a in Yemen, has been identified as the location of the late antique/Islamic period silver mine al‐Radrad. Exploitation of the mine is known from the account of al‐Hamdani, an Arab geographer of the tenth century AD. The al‐Jabali area has been the focus of geological and archaeometallurgical surveys, and extensive metallurgical remains have been discovered. Samples of ore, slag and technical ceramics were collected for archaeometallurgical analysis. The technology of silver production is discussed in relation to the historical record, and elemental and lead isotope characterisation of ore and slag provides a basis for future provenance studies.     

Stable Isotope Sourcing of Wool from Textiles at Pacatnamú

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were determined for wool textiles from the Lambayeque (c. ad 1100–1320) occupation at Pacatnamú in the Jequetepeque Valley, northern Peru. The isotopic data demonstrate that the wool was not obtained via long‐distance exchange with the highlands and was most probably derived from locally raised camelids. In light of other lines of evidence (diversity of dyes used to produce the same colours in textiles and the low quality of the weaving), textiles at Pacatnamú appear not to have been as effective a marker of political power and prestige for local elites as they were elsewhere in the Andean region.     

基于铅同位素比值的古代矿料混合模型分析法

为深入研究古代青铜器示踪矿料来源中矿料混合问题,通过铅同位素研究数据构建矿料混合模型,从理论上探讨满足条件的青铜器数据样本其矿料混合的情况。基于模型,通过对铅同位素数据的处理,不仅能够匹配相应的矿料混合模式,而且可为器物分类提供依据。此外,还可计算出相应的铜料中表观含铅量,为相关研究提供参考依据。