2000—2018年全球恐怖袭击事件危害评价及时空演变研究

本文运用模糊综合评价、K-Means聚类等方法,探讨了全球恐怖袭击事件的危害程度及时空演变特征。研究发现：①发生频次最高的年份为2010年和2011年,地区为南亚、中东和北非,袭击类型为轰炸/爆炸,国家包括印度、伊拉克、巴基斯坦等;②危害程度越高的恐怖袭击事件其集中化程度越高;一级、二级事件主要分布在中东和北非、南亚等地区,三级、四级和五级事件主要分布在南亚、中东和北非及东南亚等地区;③空间上大致分为中东、中亚和南亚三大活跃区,菲律宾群岛等九大次级活跃区,爪哇岛和苏门答腊岛等其他风险区。本文对理解恐怖主义特征以及全球共同抵制恐怖主义具有重要参考价值。     

An economic and financial geography of the Australian superannuation industry

The Australian superannuation industry has grown enormously over the past 30 years. Whereas working people are automatically enrolled at their workplaces, the head offices of many industry funds are in Melbourne rather than Sydney. Melbourne’s dominance of the superannuation industry is explained, in part, by happenstance—the location of major unions and employer groups and their initiatives in response to the enabling legislation. Other factors identified include opportunism, cooperation, and the advantages of growth. Government-prompted mergers and acquisitions have also reinforced the dominance of Melbourne, notwithstanding attempts by Sydney-based superannuation funds to out-compete their Melbourne rivals. Whereas the geographical bifurcation of the Australian superannuation industry has been mediated by the formation of a Queensland-based superfund “champion,” it is suggested that it faces numerous challenges. In conclusion, avenues for future research are sketched, focusing upon the future of Melbourne as the centre of the superannuation industry, the role of digital platforms in service delivery, pension adequacy, and the increasing importance of Australian funds in global financial markets.     

公平和效率抉择的演进与和谐社会的构建

公平和效率是相互作用、相互依存的,两者的地位和作用随着时代的发展而发生变化。对效率与公平如何进行抉择必须充分考虑到历史的、政治的、思想的因素,中国特色社会主义就是在公平优先、兼顾效率到效率优先、兼顾公平再到公平与效率并重的模式选择中渐进发展的。     

上海市购物中心的时空格局演化及影响因素

基于网络数据和地理信息数据,运用空间分析法和条件Logit模型,分析了上海购物中心的时空格局演化特征及影响因素。研究表明：(1)上海购物中心的空间布局经历了四个发展阶段。观察期内,其空间分布的轴线均呈东北—西南走向,整体布局趋向均衡。(2)上海购物中心具有全域分散化与局域集聚化并存的演化特征。中、外环附近的购物中心密度逐步提升,区县、街道的空间差异不断缩小。在城市不同方位上,则形成了一个核心集聚区、四个次级集聚区的空间组织结构。(3)市场需求、地租成本、交通可达性、政策规划、集聚因素对购物中心布局具有显著影响。随着时间推移,休闲资源和政策规划的影响有所减弱,购物中心倾向于从集聚发展中获益。     

旅游资源开发的时代演进及发展趋势浅析

旅游资源开发是旅游业发展的基础。在漫长的历史发展中,其经历了自发时代、自觉时代、生态时代,正向信息时代迈进。本在分析旅游资源开发历史演进的基础上,提出“竞争与合作相统一”的开发理念,“科学化 网络化”的开发方式,“多元目标协调”的开发目标,探讨了其在新世纪里的发展趋势。     

Recent Advances in Maya Archaeology

This paper focuses on the discoveries of the last decade in Maya archaeology, and assesses their impact on previous models and synthetic frameworks. Although the bibliography includes 700 items published during the last 10 years, it is not exhaustive; on the contrary, a frustratingly large number of discoveries had to be omitted. Two areas exploding with new research are (1) the elicitation of a greater variety of data from hieroglyphic texts, and (2) a series of chemical and biological breakthroughs in the analysis of human burials. The former make it easier to assess the role of elite actors or agents in processes of sociopolitical change. The latter hold out the hope of documenting warfare (through skeletal trauma), migration (by tracing tooth enamel isotopes to ground water), status or gender differences in diet (through bone chemistry), and biological connections of individuals to each other and to earlier populations (through DNA). By combining these new data, we are on our way to integrating humanism and science, and to treating Maya polities as case studies in primary or secondary state formation.     

我国城市系统的形成和演进机制

我国城市系统的演进可归纳为萌芽与形成、低级均衡和合理不均衡三个阶段。形成和演进动力在于人类活动与产业及其空间实体的相互作用,其核心要素是行政等级城市网络、经济发展和市场联系与交通设施。文章指出城市系统合理演进应采取"组织与自组织"的战略,提出我国未来城市发展阶段(扩散均衡阶段和有序网络化阶段)及城市系统特征:中心城市网络体系的形成;城市职能的综合性与分异性;城市集聚区的形成和相对均匀分布。     

The Casas Grandes Regional System: A Late Prehistoric Polity of Northwestern Mexico

Casas Grandes, or Paquimé, is located in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, although it is one of the pueblo-style cultures that are best known from the adjacent southwestern U.S. At its apogee (ca. A.D. 1200–1450), Casas Grandes has been characterized as the largest and most complex prehistoric community in the puebloan world. It is further famous both as the center of one of the major interaction systems of the region, as well as a link between the cultures of Mesoamerica and those of the U.S. Southwest. Despite its acknowledged status as one of late prehistoric North America's few indigenous complex societies, the Casas Grandes polity has been so little studied that most aspects of its size, structure, level of centralization, and mode of operation remain obscure. The writers' work in Chihuahua has been designed to remedy this situation. In contrast to the original and highly influential interpretation that has prevailed for the last 25 years, the work reported here argues that the Casas Grandes polity, like its Chacoan and Hohokam counterparts of the adjacent southwestern U.S., existed at an intermediate level of sociopolitical complexity, so that it was not able to exert a uniform hegemony even over its near neighbors. Envisioned instead is a less comprehensive, less centralized situation of irregular control in a politically unstable context.     

Retrograde P–T evolution and high temperature–low pressure fluid circulation in relation to late Hercynian intrusions: a mineralogical and fluid inclusion study of the Charroux-Civray plutonic complex (north-western Massif Central, France)

The calc‐alkaline plutonic complex from Charroux‐Civray (north‐western part of the French Massif Central) displays multiphase hydrothermal alteration. Plutonic rocks, as well as early retrograde Ca–Al silicate assemblages, which have crystallized during cooling and uplifting of the plutonic series, are affected by multiphase chlorite–phengite–illite–carbonate alteration linked to intense pervasive fluid circulation through microfractures. The petrographic study of alteration sequences and their associated fluid inclusions in microfissures of the plutonic rocks, as well as in mineral fillings of the veins, yields a reconstruction of the P–T–X evolution of the Hercynian basement after the crystallization of the main calc‐alkaline plutonic bodies. This reconstruction covers the uplift of the basement to its exposure and the subsequent burial by Mesozoic sediments. Cooling of the calc‐alkaline plutonic series started at solidus temperatures (～650°C), at a pressure of about 4 kbar (1 bar = 10⁵ N m^?2), as indicated by magmatic epidote stability, hornblende barometry and fluid inclusion data. Cooling continued under slightly decreasing pressure during uplift down to 2–3 kbar at 200–280°C (prehnite–pumpellyite paragenesis). Then, a hot geothermal circulation of CO₂‐bearing fluids was induced within the calc‐alkaline rocks leading to the formation of greisen‐like mineralizations. During this stage, temperatures around 400–450°C were still high for the inferred depths (～2 kbar). They imply abnormal heat flows and thermal gradients of 60–80°C km^?1. The hypothesis of the existence of one large or a succession of smaller peraluminous plutons at depth, supported by geophysical data, suggests that localized heat flows were linked to concealed leucogranite intrusions. As uplift continued, greisen mineralization was subsequently affected by the chlorite–phengite–dolomite assemblage, correlated with aqueous and nitrogen‐bearing fluid circulations in the temperature range of 400–450°C. In a later stage, a continuous temperature decrease at constant pressure (～0.5 kbar) led to the alteration of the dolomite–illite–chlorite type in the 130–250°C temperature range.     

湖南省经济空间结构演变及工业化主导因素分析

经济空间结构是经济地理学和区域经济学研究的重要论题之一,为了揭示湖南省经济空间结构演变过程及演变机制,分析了湖南省经济空间结构演变过程;并从工业化、区域政策和城镇化等方面分析了其经济空间结构演变机制。结果表明:20世纪80年代中期以来,湖南省经济正处于空间集聚过程,经济空间结构呈现出明显的核心-边缘模式;湖南省经济空间结构与工业化、区域政策和城镇化存在内在联系和耦合关系,其中工业发展是湖南经济增长的主要动力,也是经济空间结构形成与演化的重要原因。