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21.
A red-stained flint crescent found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (ca. 9000 BC) site of Gesher, Israel, provides us with a unique opportunity to study the hafting technology of a particular tool type in the Levant. We present here a reconstruction, based on chemical and mineralogical analyses, of the hafting technologies and materials employed in the process. Use will also be made of relevant studies of the archaeological record. Local material was used for the production of an elastic adhesive paste, mud plaster, which was then hardened to hold the crescent securely in the haft. The study contributes insight into the hafting technology that was most probably implemented in the production and maintenance of composite tools during the Early Neolithic period.  相似文献   
22.
抗战爆发后,鲁西冀南乡村平民宁静的乡土生活被打乱。他们在战乱中过着恐慌与被掠夺的日子,日伪不间歇的"扫荡"中,"跑反"成为生活的一部分。由于日伪残酷掠夺和榨取,加之灾荒连绵不断,使得鲁西冀南乡村平民百姓生活极度困苦,吃、住、行都与战前呈现出不同的样态。鲁西冀南乡村平民百姓的战时生活状态,某种意义上是中共抗日根据地某个时段老百姓日常生活的一个缩影。  相似文献   
23.
    
Thirteen bronze battleaxes from Middle Bronze Age II graves at Rishon LeZion, Israel were analysed by ED XRF at multiple surface locations in order to determine their metallurgical composition. Six of these were further subjected to neutron diffraction using an ENGIN‐X diffractometer in order to determine bulk phase composition. The results indicate that the previously established geographical and chronological variability in Sn–Cu (with occasional Pb) and As–Cu alloys found using the former method may be an artefact of preservation and conservation. In addition, the varying homogeneity determined by the latter reflects special treatment for improving on the metal cast.  相似文献   
24.
    
Research on polycentricity has focused increasingly on the multi‐scalar functional organisation of polycentric urban systems. These studies have shown that the degree of functional polycentricity varies considerably across different spatial scales. Moreover, functional polycentricity is linked to two distinct concepts: spatial integration and the balanced distribution of flows. The aim of this paper is to clarify the relation between these two concepts and to highlight the implications of this conceptual distinction for empirical research across different scales. The paper examines the connectivity field method developed to measure spatial interaction in polycentric urban systems. Using detailed commuting data, the feasibility of the method in measuring both spatial integration and the balanced distribution of flows across different scales is tested in a case study from southern Finland.  相似文献   
25.
    
Before 1644, the Manchu rulers pursued a deliberate policy of alliances with the southern (later “Inner”) Mongol tribes. In the 1630s the system of treaties and alliances gave way to the creation of the League-Banner system, the jasaq system, and the Lifan Yuan. The new territorial and political organization meant that the southern Mongols, while retaining a degree of autonomy, became subjects of the Qing dynasty. This essay explores the historical circumstances of the transformation of the relationship between Manchus and Mongols from partnership to subordination. It also aims to explain the political principles deployed by the Manchus in the redefinition of their relationship with the Mongol elites. More specifically, the essay proposes that the new forms of administration of Inner Mongolia stemmed from a condition of “tutelage.” Tutelage was not simply imposed by the Manchus upon their erstwhile allies, but actively sought by Mongol aristocrats in the context of the intra-Mongol wars carried out by the Čaqar leader Ligdan Khan.  相似文献   
26.
The faunal sample from Kadzi, an Early Iron Age site in the Zambezi Valley, is the first substantial sample for that period and region in Zimbabwe. The site appears to have been a permanent or semipermanent settlement. The sample consists mainly of bovid remains, dominated by buffalo as a single species, suggesting special hunting skills. The presence of some domestic animals proves that these animals were available to the inhabitants of the site. Their status in the community is, however, uncertain. Possible explanations for the small number of cattle fragments could be the result of paucity of livestock for environmental or other reasons, or may reflect differential disposal of cattle bones as part of ritual expression. Environmental conditions, particularly the possible presence of the tsetse fly, could also have been a factor in determining the distribution of livestock and herd sizes in the region. The faunal remains provide valuable insight into the subsistence strategies of the period. They also provide evidence about animals present in the region during the first millennium AD.
Résumé  Des restes animaux provenant du Kadzi, un site de l’age du fer supérieur dans la vallée du Zambeze, fournissent pour la première fois des données pour cette période et cette région du Zimbabwe. Le site a été probablement occupée d’une manière permanente ou semipermanente. Les restes se composent principalement d’ossements bovins, dominés par le Buffle comme seule espèce, ce qui temoigne de techniques de chasse avancées. La présence (parmi les ossements) d’un certain nombre d’animaux domestiques indique qu’ils étaient disponibles pour les habitants du site, mais leur statut dans la communauté reste ambigu. Le nombre peu élève de fragments d’ossements de boeuf est peutêtre lié à la taille réduite du troupeau pour des raisons environnementales ou autres ou bien résulte de l’utilisation rituelle de certains ossements. Les conditions environnementales et plus particulièrement la présence probable de la mouche Tse Tse ont pu également être des facteurs determinant pour la repartition du boeuf dans la région et la taille du troupeau. Ces restes faunistiques fournissent ainsi des informations importantes aussi bien sur les stratégies de subsistance pour la période considérée que sur les animaux présents dans la région au cours du 1er millénaire AD.
  相似文献   
27.
徐伟  李耀 《人文地理》2012,27(3):98-102
旅游真实性已成为学者们讨论和研究的热点,但国内很少有学者涉及古村落真实性相关问题的研究。本研究在文献回顾和皖南古村落实证调研的基础上,从广义文化的角度建构古村落真实性原始指标。利用SPSS16.0和Lisrel8.7进行探索性和验证性因子分析,在真实性文献和古村落特征阐释的基础上,将古村落真实性指标归纳为原真性、建构真实性、超真实性和主体本真性四类真实性维度。最后从明确古村落原真性的主体地位,多途径设计和开发真实性资源要素等角度提出建议。  相似文献   
28.
The spatiotemporal distribution of seashells and ostrich eggshell in the Later Stone Age of southeastern southern Africa is used to infer several areas of social interaction. The inferred patterns are supported by comparisons with preferences for lithic raw materials and the distribution of bifacial stone arrows. Plusiers zones de l'interaction sociale sont déduites des distributions chronologiques et spatiales de la coquillage et de la coquille de'autruche de l'Age de la Pierre Récent au sud- est de l'Afrique australe. Ces distributions sont soutenues des préférences pour des matières premières lithiques et de la distribution des flèches bifaciales de la pierre. Provincial names and boundaries are as given on May 1, 1994  相似文献   
29.
    
In this paper, we reconstruct the trajectories of the southern Low Countries as part of the world‐system and of the Campine, initially as part of the Duchy of Brabant (itself part of a small world‐economy), and later as part of the southern Low Countries, on the basis of a hypothesis that spatial integration/fragmentation involves the upgrading/downgrading of the status of a region in the world‐economy. Spatial integration is conceived of as a process of transformation that (re)produces a coherent pattern of functional shapes. However, the degree of coherence is not necessarily measured by the volume of horizontal relations between the integrated areas. Moreover, a distinction should be made between the factors of transformation that (re)produce the pattern and other factors that produce a configuration that happens to coincide with that pattern. Finally, the world‐economy should be considered as an autopoietic system, functioning in the manner of a transformation matrix.  相似文献   
30.
    
Cai, C.-y. & Wang, B., 2013. The oldest silken fungus beetle from the Early Cretaceous of southern China (Coleoptera: Cryptophagidae: Atomariinae). Alcheringa 37, 1–4. ISSN 0311-5518

Atomaria cretacea sp. nov., a new silken fungus beetle, is described and figured based on an impression fossil from the Lower Cretaceous Shixi Formation at a locality near Qingxi Town, Jiangxi Province, southern China. The new species can be referred to the extant family Cryptophagidae as supported by the tiny body size, the clubbed antenna with dilated antennomere 1, closely spaced antennal insertions, and abdominal ventrite 1 being longer than the remaining ventrites. It is placed in the extant subfamily Atomariinae based on the presence of a frontoclypeal suture and the absence of gular sutures; and tentatively in Atomaria based on its body size, sub-parallel body shape, and the presence of a frontoclypeal suture.

Chen-Yang Cai [caichenyang1988@163.com], Bo Wang [savantwang@gmail.com], State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy; Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China. Received 11.11.2012; revised 26.1.2013; accepted 31.1.2013.  相似文献   
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