鲁南区域城镇体系建设研究

本文从规模结构、职能结构和空间结构等3个方面,通过定量分析和比较研究,探讨了鲁南城镇体系的特点,在此基础上,设计了鲁南"双心"型的中心城市结构,提出了各类型城镇的发展方向和强化区域城镇体系建设的对策。     

Wild or domestic? Biometric variation in the cat Felis silvestris Schreber

Investigation of modern biometric data indicates that it may be possible to distinguish wildcats from house cats in many instances. Applying the log‐ratio (log‐difference) technique to archaeological samples from medieval northern Europe, and to mixed samples of wildcats and house cats, shows that the differentiation may not always be clear, and the possibility that some samples include hybrids is discussed. The technique is applied to samples from the Orkney Islands to demonstrate that single wildcat specimens can be identified in small samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Petrography of ancient Indian lime plaster

Samples of ancient Indian lime plaster have not previously been analysed. Excavation of a seventh century AD baked brick structure provided the necessary samples for a detailed laboratory examination of plaster. The plaster samples were studied by chemical and petrographic methods. The probable sources of lime and sand were indicated by the mineralogy.     

The use of summed radiocarbon probability distributions in archaeology: a review of methods

Using a database of Australian archaeological radiocarbon dates (n = 2996), this paper explores three key methodological issues associated with the use of summed probability plots of radiocarbon data: 1) the minimum sample size needed for a statistically reliable plot; 2) the effect of radiocarbon calibration on the structure of these plots; and 3) the application of a taphonomic correction to such time-series data. The results identify several protocols, recommended as best-practice when using summed probability plots: 1) a minimum sample size of 500 radiocarbon dates should be used, and the sample size and the mean of the standard deviations of the radiocarbon dates (ΔT) in the sample should both be reported; 2) a moving average trendline of 500-800 years should be used to offset the effects of the calibration process; and 3) Surovell et al. “Correcting temporal frequency distributions for taphonomic bias” [Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (2009) 1715-1724] is explored, with modifications and temporal limits (<25,000 cal years BP) proposed. Correction of time-series data using theoretical taphonomic correction curves is useful as a heuristic tool but can obscure real trends if applied routinely. Comparison between summed probability plots and other occupation data is presented and shows good correlation. However it is recommended that plots are supplemented by other archaeological indices and the cross-comparison of such multiple proxies will strengthen identification of occupation trends.     

Taphonomy and sample size estimation in paleoethnobotany

This paper investigates how to gain quantitative comparability of macroscopic plant remains by estimating sample sizes representative to each population. First, this study reviews taphonomic pathways of plant remains to clarify how far we can draw cultural implications from the retrieved remains. The target population is defined here as the deposited assemblage, that is, plants that were deposited into the soil matrix. Through time, the deposited assemblage becomes reduced to the fossil assemblage, which is subject to being sampled (sampled population). The relation between the sampled population and samples is a statistical issue. A systematic recovery and a well-designed sampling strategy can help maintaining the same degree of representativeness of samples to the sampled population. The paper thus focuses on a statistical measure that estimates the sample sizes, based on a relative error and a confidence level of a small number of pilot samples. Data for the test is the plant remains recovered from the Nam River sites in south-central Korea, dating to the Early and Middle Mumun periods (3400-2400 BP). This measure ensures that quantitative differences between the plant remains in the two samples were due to real differences between the populations from which they were drawn rather than due only to variation within a single population. Thus this method strengthens cultural interpretations on quantitative differences in plant remains.     

Cultural planning in Ontario,Canada: arts policy or more?

Cultural planning is often explained as a strategic approach to urban cultural development; an approach that involves the ‘mapping’ and leveraging of a wide range of ‘cultural resources’ (arts, culture, and heritage). However, it is increasingly being questioned whether cultural planning is anything more than a fairly traditional arts policy with a different name. In particular, it has been observed in Australia that cultural plans usually fail to address more than arts sector concerns. The objective of this paper is to investigate whether this assessment applies to cultural planning practice in Ontario, the province at the forefront of the current ‘municipal cultural planning’ push in Canada. An examination of all cultural plans in Ontario’s mid‐size cities and interviews conducted with municipal staff members overseeing these initiatives shows that whereas several municipalities do follow an arts‐driven policy agenda, this is not the case with most mid‐size cities in the province.     

试谈北魏墓志的等级制度

本文分析了现存的北魏墓志材料,考虑到北魏时期存在三种不同尺度的状况,对北魏墓志的大小类别采取了较宽松的标准,从而揭示出北魏墓志中存在的等级制度,并对个别不符合这一制度的墓志材料作了合理的解释。说明在北魏时期,随着正方形墓志成为主要的墓志形制,结合礼制,已经形成了一套对墓志外形尺寸以及雕饰的正式等级规定。隋代以后的墓志制度基本上沿袭了这一规定,或在其基础上加以调整。     

基于卡马格尼模型的有效城市规模研究——以中国81个城市为样本的实证分析

近年,最优城市规模的问题走到了研究的十字路口,美国学者理查德森指出实际上并不存在最优的城市规模,而只存在依赖各种因素的有效城市规模。基于此观点及城市规模膨胀所引发的新一轮学术讨论,通过梳理城市规模研究领域内的已有文献成果,对新古典主义城市规模、最优城市规模、有效城市规模等主要研究范式的优缺点进行对比分析,发现有效城市规模研究范式相比其他城市规模研究范式确实更具现实合理性,但其同时也存在一些自身的缺陷。进而,基于中国2012年81个样本城市的横截面数据,探讨了中国的有效城市规模情况,发现现阶段中国城市规模的有效性尚处于合理范围内,且同城市规模存在反向变化关系,表现出了大规模城市效率低于小规模城市的特征。     

Analysis of enamel ultrastructure in archaeology: The identification of Ovis aries and Capra hircus dental remains

Ultrastructural features of deep, intermediate and superficial enamel were quantitatively assessed for the mandibular first permanent molars of 10 specimens each of the domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and goat (Capra hircus). The means of a number of variables differed interspecifically at high levels of statistical significance, especially with regard to the enamel of intermediate depth. A canonical discriminant function analysis employing nine variables at all three enamel depths resulted in the correct taxonomic assignment of 95% of the specimens comprising the present sample. These results, coupled with the simple preparative and analytical methods presented here, may enable archaeozoologists to utilize enamel ultrastructure in order to discriminate between fragmentary dental remains of these caprine species.