东周铸币新考七则

本文对钱币学界有争议的几种东周铸币进行重新探讨后,认为小型耸肩尖足空首布、诸齐刀、铜钱牌与三孔布应分别为战国早期晋国公室、春秋末年齐田氏和战国田齐、战国鄂东南越人及战国末年代王嘉所铸。     

天然氧化铜矿与铜制品腐蚀产物区别的探讨

在一些新石器时代的遗址中经常会出现一些铜渣、小块孔雀石等与炼铜有关的遗物。为探究这些孔雀石到底是天然的氧化铜矿还是铜制品的腐蚀产物,本工作对天然氧化铜矿和青铜器腐蚀产物进行岩相分析和元素成分分析。结果表明,天然氧化铜矿大都具有一些特殊的结构构造,而在铜制品的腐蚀产物中却很难发现这些结构构造;同时,二者在元素成分上也有显著不同,Bi、Sb、As、Fe、Mo、Co、Mn等微量元素可以作为区分天然氧化铜矿和青铜器腐蚀产物的一个判别标志。结合岩相分析和成分分析,可以确定一个遗址出土的孔雀石或蓝铜矿是天然氧化铜矿还是铜制品的腐蚀产物;同时,可进一步判断是红铜的腐蚀产物还是青铜的。这一结论对探讨铜冶金的起源有重要意义。     

论"大跃进"战略的形成

1957年批判"反冒进",形成了所谓"积极平衡"的理论、生产建设中浮夸风的政治气候和行政运行上的互动机制。在毛泽东看来,要加快中国经济的发展速度,资金和物资的缺口可以依赖发动群众实现"积极平衡"。发动群众,其思想渊源与当年"大生产运动"有着密切联系,在经济上的涵义是充分利用中国丰富的劳动力资源。于是,在中国,"以苏为鉴"、"走自己的路"就意味着:通过充分利用劳动力资源,既试图加快重工业的发展,又试图在较少资金投入下加快农业和轻工业的发展;工业的发展实行"两条腿走路"。在此路径下,"人定胜天"的观念与浮夸风两者相互作用,终于形成了"大跃进"战略。     

"大跃进"和国民经济调整时期的陈云经济思想及其意义

陈云在"大跃进"和国民经济调整时期提出了丰富的经济思想,这些思想是其以综合平衡为核心的经济发展理论和以"三个主体、三个补充"为基本内容的经济体制构想的充实和发展,不但对当时克服严重经济困难的决策发挥了巨大作用,也为新时期的经济体制改革奠定了一定的思想基础.     

乾隆初滇省代京铸钱失败原因浅析

文章通过对乾隆初年滇省代京铸钱之具体情况的考察,认为滇省代京铸钱是清政府为扭转铸钱严重亏损而采取的一项铸币政策。但滇省代京铸钱较之京局直接鼓铸反而增加了铸钱成本。实行滇省代京铸钱后,清政府铸钱开始盈利,但这并非滇省代京铸钱所致,而是清政府对云南铜矿实行垄断经营、压低铜价,即钱局使用滇铜鼓铸的结果。实际上,在使用滇铜为原料的前提下,京局直接鼓铸较之滇省代京铸钱更能节省成本,这是清政府停止滇省代京铸钱的基本原因。同时也说明清政府于乾隆初年实行滇省代京铸钱存在着决策性失误。     

北京都市区就业-居住空间结构及特征研究

近二十年来,在经济社会转型和城市化进程不断加快的背景下,我国许多大城市的就业-居住空间结构发生了巨大的变化。本研究以北京都市区为例,建立北京都市区就业-居住基础地理信息数据库,运用GIS空间分析技术对北京就业-居住空间关系进行多尺度分析,在界定就业中心和居住中心的基础上,评价北京都市区的就业与居住平衡状况。研究结果表明,就业-居住分离是当今北京城市空间结构的突出特征。     

Special alloys from remote frontiers of the Shang Kingdom: scientific study of the Hanzhong bronzes from southwest Shaanxi, China

More than 200 bronze objects found in Hanzhong, southwest Shaanxi Province, China, a frontier region of the Shang Kingdom during the Shang dynasty, have been analysed for their composition and microstructure. Forty-three typologically distinct, and probably culturally indigenous, items have been found to be compositionally distinctive as well. This paper presents analytical results of the two types of local Hanzhong bronzes, namely the sickle-shaped and sceptre-shaped objects. Three special alloys, arsenic bronze, antimonial bronze and copper–nickel–arsenic ternary alloy, are particularly emphasized and discussed. The archaeological context of Hanzhong bronzes and their significance for the archaeometallurgy research of the Shang period are discussed as well.     

Energy use by Eem Neanderthals

An analysis of energy use by Neanderthals in Northern Europe during the mild Eem interglacial period is carried out with consideration of the metabolic energy production required for compensating energy losses during sleep, at daily settlement activities and during hunting expeditions, including transport of food from slain animals back to the settlement. Additional energy sources for heat, security and cooking are derived from fireplaces in the open or within shelters such as caves or huts. The analysis leads to insights not available from archaeological findings that are mostly limited to durable items such as those made of stone: Even during the benign Eem period, Neanderthals faced a considerable heat-loss problem. Wearing tailored clothes or some similar measure was necessary for survival. An animal skin across the shoulder would not have sufficed to survive even average cold winter temperatures and body cooling by convection caused by wind. Clothes and particularly footwear had to be sewn together tightly in order to prevent intrusion of water or snow. The analysis of hunting activity evolvement in real time further shows that during summer warmth, transport of meat back to the base settlement would not be possible without some technique to avoid that the meat rots. The only likely technique is meat drying at the killing site, which indicates further skills in Neanderthal societies that have not been identified by other routes of investigation.     

人类早期文明中的自然铜

自然铜是人类使用最早使用的金属之一,它与人类早期文明存在重要联系。本文介绍了自然铜的属性、地质与世界分布,并结合考古证据和相关文献对人类早期自然铜的认识、利用、开采、加工及其社会价值进行了分析,对自然铜与早期金属文明之间的关系进行了探讨。     

论抗日战争时期的云南铜业

抗日战争时期,中国国防用铜量急剧增加,但国土大部沦陷,云南成为抗战军需用铜唯一的供给地。国民政府经济部所属资源委员会与云南省政府共同组建"滇北矿务局","彻底管理"云南铜业,有效整合云南铜矿资源,把云南铜业完全纳入国家军事战略资源的范畴。国民政府在云南采取积极措施,使云南军需铜材产量大幅提升,保证了抗战的铜材需求,有力支持了中国人民的抗日战争。云南铜业的生产规模和技术也在抗战期间得到极大提升,加快了云南矿业现代化发展步伐。