单檐歇山式古建筑抗震性能振动台试验

为有效保护古建筑,采用振动台试验方法,研究了中国明清官式木构古建的抗震性能。以故宫某单檐歇山木构古建为对象,制作了1∶2缩尺比例模型。模型含浮放柱底、柱架、斗拱、歇山屋顶、墙体等所有构造,且施工工艺完全符合中国明清官式木构古建施工规定。通过施加白噪声激励,获得了模型的基频和阻尼比。通过施加不同强度等级的1940年El-Centro波,获得了模型典型节点的位移和加速度响应,讨论了模型的减震系数,评价了浮放柱底、榫卯节点、斗拱、屋顶、墙体等构造的抗震性能。结果表明:模型的振动形式表现为平面内的扭摆,其原因与歇山式屋顶质量分布不均密切相关。模型的震前基频为1.47Hz,阻尼比为4.6%。地震作用下,模型的位移及加速度响应曲线近似稳定、均匀。尽管屋顶构造则对地震力有一定放大作用,但浮放柱底、榫卯节点、斗拱等构造能发挥较好的耗能减震作用。对于不同构造而言,榫卯节点的减震性能最好,其减震系数可降至0.30;斗拱次之,其减震系数可降至0.53;而浮放柱底与柱顶石之间的摩擦耗能性能最弱,其减震系数最小值为0.66。墙体在地震波强度增大过程中发生倒塌,但不影响结构整体稳定性。因此,单檐歇山式木构古建具有良好的抗震性能。     

古代壁画、彩绘显现剂应用机理和性能研究

针对粘结硬质、钙化土锈的壁画和彩绘在保护修复中使用的去除剂和显现加固剂复合应用后对其性能进行了研究测试。从光学角度对明胶膜和加样后膜折射率进行测试,对土锈剩余层粒径与厚度进行测试,又从耐久性、柔韧性等方面对两种试剂复合用的模拟壁画进行了系统评价。结果表明:两种膜的折射率几乎相同,当土锈剩余层粒径在120μm以内,厚度在70μm内的土粒都可以通过显现加固剂进行显现,恢复其古朴原貌,且不触及颜料层。复合应用后对模拟样板老化后性能测试,数据显示各方面性能良好。     

New Titanium Connectors for the Columns Capitals of the Classical Temple of Apollo Epikourios

The columns of monumental buildings in ancient Greece were provided with a pair of timber “empolia” (plugs) and a “pole” (pin), at interfaces between stone members (drums, capital). In order to reinstate this connection system, in columns capitals that were repaired, during the ongoing restoration of the classical temple of Apollo Epikourios (Greece), new poles and empolia made of titanium were installed. The titanium elements were designed to have similar shape and shear strength to the estimated respective characteristics of the ancient poles and empolia. Moreover, their effect on the seismic behaviour of the temple columns was numerically investigated. The investigation showed that, within the range of strong earthquakes which are anticipated in the area of the monument, the installation of a single pole at the interface between the capital and the uppermost drum leads to limited reduction of the expected maximum and residual deformations of the column, without altering significantly the main characteristics of its rocking response. Furthermore, poles located at every column interface ensures significant limitation of the column residual deformations. Prior to implementation of the titanium poles and empolia, the main aspects of their design were verified through specially designed experiments.     

Functional analysis of prehistoric flint tools by high-power microscopy: A review of West European research

The present paper is a review of the functional analysis of prehistoric flint tool edges by means of high-power microscopy. The article, which focuses exclusively on West European research, discusses a series of methodological issues and problems related to the development and distinctiveness of the so-called wear polishes, produced by the various materials with which prehistoric stone tools came in contact. A selection of functional observations on tool use from the Upper Paleolithic, the Mesolithic, and the Neolithic periods is presented. The archaeological part of the review is concerned with two trends in functional analysis, namely, (1) controlled site-specific studies with different levels of foci and (2) thematic studies of particular tool types, e.g., endscrapers, burins, and unmodified débitage. Finally, problems concerning the interpretation of hafting and of multiple tool use are discussed.     

Seasonality of birth and diet of pigs from stable isotope analyses of tooth enamel (δO, δC): a modern reference data set from Corsica,France

Since domestication during the mid 11th millennium BP in the Near East and the 8th millennium BP in China, the pig has played an important role in human diet and economy. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of stable oxygen and carbon isotopes sequential analyses of pig tooth enamel to investigate pig seasonality of birth and diet, as these are important parameters for the reconstruction of pig herding strategies in ancient societies.     

A spatial approach to upland vegetation change and human impact: the Aber Valley,Snowdonia

Abstract

Uplands have long been considered important ‘barometers’ for human-environment relationships. Five pollen sequences from the upper Aber Valley (Snowdonia), across an altitudinal gradient, reveal that human impacts have varied temporally on small spatial scales in the region. Woodland taxa persisted into the later Holocene at lower altitudes and sites located at higher altitude reveal a more open landscape history, possibly as a result of increased exposure limiting tree growth at high elevation. Continuous pastoral human land use is evident in the high upland (400 to >600 m AOD) landscape with evidence of clearing, burning and grazing indicators throughout the records covering the last ～6000 years, with increased activity apparent during the last 2000 years. There is no clear evidence to suggest that climate change (e.g. deteriorating climatic conditions from ～850 BC) resulted in land abandonment and it appears more likely that climatic shifts could have led to changes in human land management. The results demonstrate that pastoral land use varied at different altitudes across the Aber Valley upland, and have highlighted the value and potential of high/fine spatial sampling in providing insights into land use history and the mosaic of habitats that result.     

对县权公开改革试点的实证调查分析

县权公开经过一段时间的试点工作已经取得了一定的成效和经验,但是要使县权公开的改革试点工作取得最终成效,还需要以系统思维的方式来理清多重关系,把握改革中的关键和重点,建立和完善县权公开制度,进一步加强各项监督机制。对此,笔者基于有关试点县的实证调查分析,对县权公开的改革试点工作提出了一些建议和基本思路。     

古代瓷器热释光测定年代制样方法的比较与研究

为了对古代瓷器热释光年代测定的两种不同制样方法——粉末法和薄片法的优劣进行比较,本工作从热释光灵敏度的均值标准偏差、三点回归的线性相关程度以及最后所测得年代与真值的符合情况等方面进行研究。研究结果表明,粉末法的测量精确度、准确度及可靠性均优于薄片法。粉末法可作为行业内制样标准参考。     

The Ohio Data Archives

The Ottoman government obtained current information on the empire's sources of revenue through periodic registers called tahrir defterleri. These documents include detailed information on taxpaying subjects and taxable resources, making it possible to study the economic and social history of the Middle East and eastern Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Although the use of these documents has been typically limited to the construction of local histories, adopting a more optimistic attitude toward their potential and using appropriate sampling procedures can greatly increase their contribution to historical scholarship. They can be used in comprehensive quantitative studies and in addressing questions of broader historical significance or larger social scientific relevance.     

THE GROWTH OF LITERACY IN FRANCE DURING THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINETEENTH CENTURIES

ABSTRACT

The Ottoman Empire faced catastrophic events during its period of dissolution which started with the First World War. At the end of this war, the Ottoman lands were shared by the Allied forces. As a reaction to this occupation, the Turkish War of Independence started in 1919 and finished in 1923. The authors aim to examine how these events were reflected in the ?stanbul bourse, using Ottoman government bond prices data between 1918 and 1925. Econometric methodology of Carla Inclan and George Tiao (1994 Inclan, C., and G. Tiao. 1994. Use of the cumulative sums of squares for retrospective detection of changes of variance. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89:913–23.[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) identifies several break points, which imply a lower risk for the repayment of the bonds during the end of the First World War and the Turkish War of Independence.