铁基与铜基颜料对纸质文物的化学腐蚀降解

古籍、档案、书画、碑帖等纸质文物记录了人类社会的历史发展,是不可再生的文化遗产。然而,大量纸质文物在长期保存过程中发生了老化劣化现象,甚至造成纸质文物的永久失传。值得注意的是,部分颜料与墨水中含有的铁铜金属物种会引起纸张较为严重的腐蚀降解,使得色块或墨迹周围的纸张明显泛黄,甚至在着墨位置形成空洞。铁铜颜料引起纸质文物损害的原因复杂且多样,在其作用下纤维素高分子的反应路径与降解机理值得深入研究。本研究介绍了纸质文物中常见的铁基与铜基颜料,包括铁盐墨水、普鲁士蓝、赭石、蓝铜矿、孔雀石、醋酸铜等。总结了纸张纤维素的酸性水解、碱性降解和氧化降解反应路线,探索了金属物种作用下纸张纤维素的酸碱反应与氧化还原反应机理。其中含铁颜料的纸张纤维素主要经历芬顿(Fenton)氧化降解和酸性水解,含铜颜料腐蚀纸张纤维素的主要途径为菲林(Fehling)氧化降解和碱性降解。 本研究聚焦于铁基与铜基颜料对纸质文物腐蚀降解的化学反应机理,总结出铁铜离子参与的氧化反应是纸张纤维素加速降解的主要因素。在此基础上,提出了添加抗氧化剂以减缓氧化反应发生的纸质文物保护策略,包括预防性抗氧化剂与断链性抗氧化剂。重点介绍了络合剂配位铁铜金属离子的预防性抗氧化保护法,如使用植酸/植酸盐、溴化铵、明胶蛋白等络合剂与铁铜离子络合,以减缓氧化降解反应的发生。同时也分析了络合剂方法存在的一些问题,如植酸只能在酸性条件下使用、苯并三唑会造成颜料变色、部分抗氧化剂具有毒性等。最后,本研究针对铁基与铜基颜料腐蚀降解纸张的机理研究与保护策略提出展望。在机理研究方面,过渡金属游离态与络合态的分布情况、过渡金属引发氧化反应的条件控制、氧化降解反应与纤维素超分子结构的相互关系等仍有待研究。在保护策略方面,所选择的保护方法应当不仅可以有效减缓过渡金属对纸张的降解,而且不会对纸张纤维与颜料墨迹造成损坏。本研究从化学角度对过渡金属颜料所导致的纤维素降解演化机理提出更深刻的认识,为含有过渡金属颜料纸质文物的多方位保护提供引导和借鉴。     

连云港市的港-城协调发展模式演化及影响要素

港口与城市之间的协调发展是实现港城互动、提升港口城市竞争力的重要途径。以连云港市1989—2009年统计数据为基础,构建了港口与城市协调发展的综合评价指标体系,运用因子分析方法计算出两系统综合发展指数;结合协调度、静态和动态协调发展度,对连云港港口与城市的协调发展模式的演化轨迹进行评价和分析。结果表明:①1989—2009年,连云港市港—城协调发展模式总体上经历了濒临失调模式到勉强协调模式再到基本协调模式的演化过程;②港口与城市基本处在协调发展的轨迹上,动态协调发展度呈逐渐增长的态势。进一步分析认为协调发展模式的演化主要由港口功能的升级、临港产业的壮大、城市发展的支撑等推动以及自然环境和区位因子、腹地的经济水平、周边港口的空间袭夺、港城关系的空间分离等约束要素共同作用。     

社会心理学视域中的“社会认同”

社会认同理论是二十世纪八十年代以后逐渐兴起的社会心理学理论。伴随着全球化浪潮与社会认同、自我认同危机的逐渐显现,社会认同理论逐渐蔓延到社会学、政治学、民族学、人类学等社会科学研究之中,成为当代社会、文化、族群心理研究的重要理论之一。为了使我们更好地了解、运用社会认同理论,本文从社会心理学的角度就社会认同的概念、内涵及形成机制、支撑体系进行了梳理。     

西部地区党校数字图书馆建设之我见

文章阐述了西部地区党校数字图书馆建设的紧迫性,分析了制约西部地区党校数字图书馆建设的主要因素,并在此基础上,提出了西部地区党校在向数字图书馆迈进的过程中应采取的一些措施。     

高铁沿线旅游流网络结构及其互动关系研究——以合福高铁沿线地区为例

利用复杂网络分析方法,对合福高铁沿线城市和景区两个尺度上的旅游流网络结构和互动关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)合福高铁沿线旅游流网络规模大,覆盖面积广,但网络密度极低,具有显著的"中心—外围"结构;(2)合福高铁沿线核心旅游城市和重点旅游景区在网络中的功能突出、角色重要,其中高能级景区表现出较强的辐射效应,对周边节点具有较强的带动作用;(3)合福高铁沿线旅游景区之间已经形成了"一超多强"、"双核互动"和"单节点"三种合作关系,但网络中的合作关系受行政边界的屏蔽仍十分明显。     

P.H. Pearse and Thomas MacDonagh: a literary friendship

ABSTRACT

Tracing the relationship between P.H. [Patrick Henry] Pearse (1879–1916) and Thomas MacDonagh (1878–1916), this essay explores the impact their friendship had on their careers as writers and critics. Their work together in St Enda’s, the school for boys founded by Pearse in 1908, provides a significant context for this exploration. There, while working with MacDonagh, Pearse made drama an important part of school life and started writing plays for public performance. Meanwhile, their collaboration in putting together the St. Enda’s school journal, An Macaomh (1909–1913), helped to hone MacDonagh’s skills as a literary critic and to prepare for his later editorial role at the Irish Review (1911–1914). Attention then turns to how MacDonagh’s views on Irish literature and his translations from Old Irish influenced his friend’s development as both a critic and poet. Paticular consideration is paid to “Mise Éire”, one of Pearse’s best-known poems. Finally, similarities are considered between MacDonagh and the hero of The Wandering Hawk (1915–1916), Pearse’s unfinished, English-language, school story for children. Taken together, these various investigations reveal that, despite differing temperaments and at times divergent approaches to Irish writing, Pearse and MacDonagh enjoyed a mutually stimulating friendship that impacted positively on their literary careers.     

The effect of cremation on the study of trace elements

Cremation was a frequent practice during the Bronze and Iron Ages in Europe. The destruction caused by this rite has meant that there are few anthropological studies of this period and that the amount of information that has been obtained is limited. Most studies deal with the number of individuals and the temperature of cremation. At present, however, studies are under way to determine the possibility of carrying out analyses of trace elements on cremated individuals in order to determine their diet. The present study, carried out at a necropolis with two kinds of burial (S'Illot des Porros, Mallorca, Iron Age), presents new data regarding the diagenetic effects differentiating cremated from buried bones. The levels of Sr, Ca, Ba, Zn, Cu and Mg in the spongy and cortical tissue of 197 femurs are analysed. The results obtained at this necropolis demonstrate that only the levels of calcium and magnesium in the cortical tissue of cremated bones increase, so diagenesis acts in the same way in cremated and non-cremated bones in this necropolis.     

南宋“刻花填彩攒犀纹”漆器残片的微损检测及髹漆工艺研究

漆器作为中华民族文化的重要象征之一,一直以来都是文保研究者关注的焦点。为了探索微损分析技术在多层漆器分析中的适用性,本工作以浙江省温州市出土的南宋“刻花填彩攒犀纹”漆器残片为研究对象,通过超景深显微镜,正置荧光显微镜,扫描电镜-能谱,显微拉曼光谱,红外光谱,热裂解气相色谱串联质谱等多种科学的分析方法,以揭示多层漆器复杂基质材料/组成、结构及髹漆工艺的微损剖析流程,并总结归纳漆器中常用材料的判断方法,以期为漆器的研究提供技术支持。     

DECOLONIZING THE PRODUCTION OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGES? REFLECTIONS ON RESEARCH WITH INDIGENOUS MUSICIANS

ABSTRACT. This paper contributes to debates on decolonizing geography, by reflecting on the ethical and political considerations involved in research on indigenous music in Australia. The research collaboration involved two non-indigenous researchers—an academic geographer and a music educator—engaging with indigenous music and musicians in a number of ways. The paper reflects on these engagements, and draws attention to a series of key binaries and boundaries that were highlighted and unsettled: 'outsider/insider'; 'traditional/contemporary'; 'authenticity/inauthenticity'. It also discusses the politics of publishing and draws attention to the ways in which the objects of our work—in this case a book—influence decisions about representation, subject matter, and interpretations of speaking positions. Rather than seeking validation for attempts to 'speak for' or 'speak to' indigenous musical perspectives, contemporary Aboriginality was understood as a field of intersubjective relations where multiple voices, representations and interventions are made. I discuss some ways in which the authors sought to situate their own musical, and geographical, knowledges in this problematic, and inherently political, research context.     

NAFTA on the Brain: Why Creeping Integration Has Always Worked Better

This paper argues that since the completion of the NAFTA in the early 1990s, there has been too much focus on what governments in Ottawa, Washington, and Mexico City have or have not been doing to deepen North American integration. The NAFTA was an anomaly that obscures the larger history of incrementalism that has shaped North America's political economy. A focus on large, government-led integration projects like the NAFTA as a model for North American integration distracts from an examination of the many connections and processes taking place across borders every day. Security has become fully entrenched as a driving paradigm of North American relations. However, much of the activity in this domain and others is taking place at the bureaucratic, sub-state, and non-state levels rather than via active direction from national leadership. As scholars and analysts of North America, we would do well to move away from the NAFTA as a model for negotiating North America's future.