水盐冻融条件下莫高窟砂砾岩晶相蚀变特征研究

盐害引起的硅酸盐质文化遗产劣化是文物保护工作面临的难题,尤其水盐侵蚀作用导致的砂砾岩蚀变行为与岩石微观结构变化之间的关系研究更是难点。通过对采集于莫高窟崖体的砂砾岩块进行矿物自动定量分析(TIMA)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线荧光(XRF)等表征,发现试验岩块在含盐水溶液中进行冻融循环后,岩块中的钠、钾长石类组分发生了向高岭石类物相蚀变的行为,同时伴随着岩块本身碎裂。离子盐溶和水环境引发的交代作用是水盐冻融循环过程中砂砾岩矿物组分发生蚀变的主要原因。方解石、白云石和绿泥石等矿物的蚀变表现为晶相溶蚀和重构,石英发生部分晶格畸变。这种砂砾岩矿物组分受外界环境变化引发自身晶相转变、重构的行为使岩体微观结构发生变化,导致崖体在力学性能上产生劣化,引发崖体裂隙扩大、失稳等,也是遗址基体底部掏蚀,坍塌的主要原因。     

Salt mining tools and techniques from Duzdaği (Nakhchivan,Azerbaijan) in the 5th to 3rd millennium B.C.

The emergence of mining reflects profound changes in the organization of late prehistoric societies. In terms of lithic and ore mining, salt is a highly strategic mineral resource which was exploited for its dietary and healing properties. The exceptional prehistoric salt mine of Duzda?i (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan) is located in a high salt-bearing region centered on the Aras River in the Lesser Caucasus. Field survey, spatial recording of archaeological materials and use-wear analysis of macrolithic tools have allowed us to outline the mining operations and techniques there from the Chalcolithic period onwards. We have identified workshops for the manufacture and repair of tools, as well as salt extraction and processing areas.     

Legal uncertainty,resistance to royal taxation and rural revolts in late medieval France: the case of Beauvoir-sur-Mer and Bois-de-Céné (1480)

In 1480, the inhabitants of Beauvoir-sur-Mer and Bois-de Céné, two small towns on the Atlantic coast of Poitou, in France, rebelled against the officials in charge of collecting the salt tax and arrested some of them. Despite the fact that the resulting civil disturbance had few long-lasting consequences, the case is an effective illustration of the dynamics of rural revolts at the end of the fifteenth century. This article demonstrates how violence was only the last stage of protest against royal taxation; the riots had been preceded by legal resistance and negotiations. The article also shows how the events were permeated and fuelled by judicial complexity and a climate of legal uncertainty surrounding the rights of French officials to collect the tax. These revolts must then be understood not simply as a reaction to excessive taxation, but more as self-defence against royal officials who refused to acknowledge the rights of the inhabitants of these towns.     

盐统王朝:唐代后期的盐业、财政以及国家安全(英文)

盐业在唐代占有重要地位,至公元780年,唐王朝至少一半的收入来自国家的盐的垄断。安禄山叛乱之后,盐业垄断所得主要用于重建战后破败的国家、服务于君王群臣享乐。唐代对盐业的垄断成为广大贫民遭受不平等和剥削的主要根源,同时也是朝廷与地方之间贪婪与权力斗争,乃至更多利益冲突的关键因素。本文以四川、陕北、以及东南沿海等产盐地区为研究对象,从社会与国家的角度来探讨唐代晚期盐的重要性。     

Salt tectonics and shallow subseafloor fluid convection: models of coupled fluid‐heat‐salt transport

Thermohaline convection associated with salt domes has the potential to drive significant fluid flow and mass and heat transport in continental margins, but previous studies of fluid flow associated with salt structures have focused on continental settings or deep flow systems of importance to petroleum exploration. Motivated by recent geophysical and geochemical observations that suggest a convective pattern to near‐seafloor pore fluid flow in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoMex), we devise numerical models that fully couple thermal and chemical processes to quantify the effects of salt geometry and seafloor relief on fluid flow beneath the seafloor. Steady‐state models that ignore halite dissolution demonstrate that seafloor relief plays an important role in the evolution of shallow geothermal convection cells and that salt at depth can contribute a thermal component to this convection. The inclusion of faults causes significant, but highly localized, increases in flow rates at seafloor discharge zones. Transient models that include halite dissolution show the evolution of flow during brine formation from early salt‐driven convection to later geothermal convection, characteristics of which are controlled by the interplay of seafloor relief and salt geometry. Predicted flow rates are on the order of a few millimeters per year or less for homogeneous sediments with a permeability of 10^?15 m², comparable to compaction‐driven flow rates. Sediment permeabilities likely fall below 10^?15 m² at depth in the GoMex basin, but such thermohaline convection can drive pervasive mass transport across the seafloor, affecting sediment diagenesis in shallow sediments. In more permeable settings, such flow could affect methane hydrate stability, seafloor chemosynthetic communities, and the longevity of fluid seeps.     

古籍墨迹修复加固材料的性能效果研究

外部环境及条件(如潮湿、光照、虫害等)对古籍的作用,不仅会影响纸张,还会使得其上的墨迹发生改变(如洇墨、掉墨等)。同时,古籍修复中常使用水等溶剂或药剂进行清洁、漂洗等处理,亦可能导致墨迹的脱落、洇化。因此,如何对古籍等纸质文物进行固色保护是纸质文物保护研究的重要问题之一。鉴于此,本工作以羧甲基纤维素、胶矾水及壳聚糖季铵盐为固色材料,通过色度测量、pH值测定、扫描电子显微镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析、接触角测量、固色试验及力学性能测试等手段,先后从固色材料对纸张性质的影响、字迹的固色效果及纸和颜料间的相互作用、固色材料适用性及其拓展效果三方面展开研究。结果显示,羧甲基纤维素、胶矾水及壳聚糖季铵盐三种固色材料都具有一定的固色效果,但其性能各异。因此,本工作从多方面综合比较了这三种固色材料对墨及红、蓝墨水的固色效果和性能的差异性,为古籍修复固色材料的选择和评价方法提供基础和借鉴。     

一件中国国家博物馆馆藏铜雕塑锈蚀产物的分析研究

铜雕塑作为现代艺术品因其历史价值、文化价值、审美价值、科技价值和时代价值被越来越多的博物馆收藏。经过岁月的洗礼,雕塑上有时也会出现锈蚀产物,锈蚀产物或影响艺术品的美感或进一步损害雕塑,因此需要对锈蚀产物进行鉴别,然后采取适合的方法将其去除。为此,通过超景深三维视频显微观察、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱和傅立叶变换显微红外光谱对一件中国国家博物馆馆藏铜雕塑锈蚀产物进行取样分析。能谱结果表明该锈蚀产物中没有氯离子,再结合拉曼光谱和显微红外光谱结果可以确定锈蚀产物是蓝铜钠石[Na₂Cu(CO₃)₂·3H₂O]和含有钠离子和氧离子的水合甲酸铜[Cu₄Na₄O(HCOO)₈(OH)₂·4H₂O],这种铜锈蚀产物在国内报道较少。为防止它们进一步腐蚀和损害雕塑,选择使用物理方法将锈蚀产物清除。科学的检测方法和分析手段为铜雕塑保护方案的制定提供了重要信息支撑和理论依据。     

太仓半泾河古船可溶盐脱除技术研究

太仓半泾河古船发掘于近海河道,在保护修复工作开展前期,需采取脱盐处理。为全面了解船木含盐情况,针对不同部位不同树种的船体样品中的盐分种类与含量进行检测与分析。结果表明:船体样品所含以Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)为代表的可溶盐,采用超声波辅助加热去离子水浸泡法脱除,20 d可将Cl~-含量控制在1 mg/L,100 d可将SO_4~(2-)含量控制在1 mg/L。本研究结果可为后续保存工作提供有利条件。