曾国藩与两淮盐政改革

曾国藩是对晚清两淮盐政改革产生重大影响的关键性人物。在两江总督任上,他对两淮盐政开展全方位的改革:一是力图收复川盐济楚失地,二是在淮南推行保价整轮,三是在淮北实施改票轮售。曾国藩的改革,承前启后,是晚清盐政史上的重要环节,也成为梳理两淮盐政改革脉络的基石。虽然曾国藩的改革取得了税收上的成功,但也彻底颠覆了原有票法的精髓,并充分显示出他对市场经济的怀疑。     

一件中国国家博物馆馆藏铜雕塑锈蚀产物的分析研究

铜雕塑作为现代艺术品因其历史价值、文化价值、审美价值、科技价值和时代价值被越来越多的博物馆收藏。经过岁月的洗礼,雕塑上有时也会出现锈蚀产物,锈蚀产物或影响艺术品的美感或进一步损害雕塑,因此需要对锈蚀产物进行鉴别,然后采取适合的方法将其去除。为此,通过超景深三维视频显微观察、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪、显微激光拉曼光谱和傅立叶变换显微红外光谱对一件中国国家博物馆馆藏铜雕塑锈蚀产物进行取样分析。能谱结果表明该锈蚀产物中没有氯离子,再结合拉曼光谱和显微红外光谱结果可以确定锈蚀产物是蓝铜钠石[Na₂Cu(CO₃)₂·3H₂O]和含有钠离子和氧离子的水合甲酸铜[Cu₄Na₄O(HCOO)₈(OH)₂·4H₂O],这种铜锈蚀产物在国内报道较少。为防止它们进一步腐蚀和损害雕塑,选择使用物理方法将锈蚀产物清除。科学的检测方法和分析手段为铜雕塑保护方案的制定提供了重要信息支撑和理论依据。     

LEGISLATION AND REALITY: THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR SANITATION AND HOUSING QUALITY IN URBAN WORKERS’ HOUSING IN THE ANCOATS AREA OF MANCHESTER BETWEEN 1800 AND 1950

Abstract

This paper will look at some of the excavated material for British urban workers’ housing, built and occupied during the period 1800 to 1950 in the Ancoats area of Manchester: Ancoats was notorious amongst contemporary writers and campaigners for its poor quality and overcrowded housing. This archaeological evidence has emerged as a result of developer-funded excavations and represents part of a growing body of data collected since 1990 from within many of the great industrial cities of Britain (Glasgow, London and Manchester), as well as excavations in the numerous smaller industrial manufacturing towns of the UK. In this study particular attention is given to the impact of national legislation, private acts and local by-laws aimed at improving industrialised living conditions and the build quality of 19th-century workers’ housing occupied into the 20th century. Using excavated examples from more than 50 houses within Ancoats, it will be argued that archaeology can provide a distinctive and unique view of urban domestic life in the 19th and first half of the 20th century, whilst demonstrating continuity in occupation patterns during this period. The evidence for urbanised, industrial living also compliments the more extensive archaeological studies of manufacturing industry from the period.     

Weathering Effects on the Engineering Properties of Sydney (Yellow Block) Sandstone when used as a Building Material

Sydney (Yellow Block) Sandstone is the primary building material used in many nineteenth century buildings in Sydney, Australia. As a natural material, it is subject to deterioration in the salty environment and in extreme cases will need to be removed and replaced. Two cornice pieces have been removed from State Heritage Registered, the Australian Museum due to evidence of visual decay patterns including surface degradation, slight sanding, granular disintegration, contour scaling and flaking, pitting, discoloration, soiling, alga growth and there are missing parts. Stone samples removed from within these building elements were tested for their engineering properties after over 100 years of natural exposure. It was found that the stone has become weaker, softer, less durable, and has an increased capacity to absorb water. The stone was found to be more susceptible to attack from sodium sulfate ingress as opposed to sodium chloride, which would have contributed to the weathering effects noted on the stone. The degree of exposure experienced by each building element was also found to be a factor in the loss of stone quality.     

盐统王朝:唐代后期的盐业、财政以及国家安全(英文)

盐业在唐代占有重要地位,至公元780年,唐王朝至少一半的收入来自国家的盐的垄断。安禄山叛乱之后,盐业垄断所得主要用于重建战后破败的国家、服务于君王群臣享乐。唐代对盐业的垄断成为广大贫民遭受不平等和剥削的主要根源,同时也是朝廷与地方之间贪婪与权力斗争,乃至更多利益冲突的关键因素。本文以四川、陕北、以及东南沿海等产盐地区为研究对象,从社会与国家的角度来探讨唐代晚期盐的重要性。     

Salt mining tools and techniques from Duzdaği (Nakhchivan,Azerbaijan) in the 5th to 3rd millennium B.C.

The emergence of mining reflects profound changes in the organization of late prehistoric societies. In terms of lithic and ore mining, salt is a highly strategic mineral resource which was exploited for its dietary and healing properties. The exceptional prehistoric salt mine of Duzda?i (Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan) is located in a high salt-bearing region centered on the Aras River in the Lesser Caucasus. Field survey, spatial recording of archaeological materials and use-wear analysis of macrolithic tools have allowed us to outline the mining operations and techniques there from the Chalcolithic period onwards. We have identified workshops for the manufacture and repair of tools, as well as salt extraction and processing areas.     

Salt tectonics and shallow subseafloor fluid convection: models of coupled fluid‐heat‐salt transport

Thermohaline convection associated with salt domes has the potential to drive significant fluid flow and mass and heat transport in continental margins, but previous studies of fluid flow associated with salt structures have focused on continental settings or deep flow systems of importance to petroleum exploration. Motivated by recent geophysical and geochemical observations that suggest a convective pattern to near‐seafloor pore fluid flow in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoMex), we devise numerical models that fully couple thermal and chemical processes to quantify the effects of salt geometry and seafloor relief on fluid flow beneath the seafloor. Steady‐state models that ignore halite dissolution demonstrate that seafloor relief plays an important role in the evolution of shallow geothermal convection cells and that salt at depth can contribute a thermal component to this convection. The inclusion of faults causes significant, but highly localized, increases in flow rates at seafloor discharge zones. Transient models that include halite dissolution show the evolution of flow during brine formation from early salt‐driven convection to later geothermal convection, characteristics of which are controlled by the interplay of seafloor relief and salt geometry. Predicted flow rates are on the order of a few millimeters per year or less for homogeneous sediments with a permeability of 10^?15 m², comparable to compaction‐driven flow rates. Sediment permeabilities likely fall below 10^?15 m² at depth in the GoMex basin, but such thermohaline convection can drive pervasive mass transport across the seafloor, affecting sediment diagenesis in shallow sediments. In more permeable settings, such flow could affect methane hydrate stability, seafloor chemosynthetic communities, and the longevity of fluid seeps.     

大宁河流域盐业考古:以汉代盐业考古材料为中心——兼论考古视角下三峡地区女性的主体性

三峡工程前期的抢救性发掘发现了为数不多的大宁河流域盐业考古材料,这些盐业相关遗址主要集中分布于巫山县城附近及大宁河沿岸,且以汉代墓葬居多,印证了文献对于巫县盐业的相关记载,也证实了盐业在当地社会经济发展中的重要作用。同时,从麦沱汉墓出土材料的分析中,我们得以管窥汉代巫县女性在当地盐业生产中的参与程度及对财富的支配状况,发现女性很早便在家庭生活及社会生产中发挥着不容小觑的作用。     

Investigation on the Yinjiawopu Site,a Medieval Salt Production Workshop in Northeast China

In 2014 and 2015, the Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology at Jilin University and the Jilin Province Archaeological Research Institute jointly conducted two excavations at the Yinjiawopu Site, in Da’an City, Jilin Province, Northeast China. One burial, two canals, five leaching pits, two house-foundations, four hearths, 103 pits, two ditches, and over 800 pieces of artifacts dated from the 12th to the 13th centuries a.d. (the Liao-Jin period) were found. Analysis shows that these features belong to a salt production workshop. This study marks the first discovery of a salt production site in Northeast China. The archaeological, ethnographic, and historical materials from the site allow a reconstruction of the chaîne opératoire of salt-making by the inhabitants of the Northeast China Plain during this period. This study sheds light on the exchange and control of salt, on the activities and daily life of the inhabitants of the region, and on their relationship with the environment.     

古籍墨迹修复加固材料的性能效果研究

外部环境及条件(如潮湿、光照、虫害等)对古籍的作用,不仅会影响纸张,还会使得其上的墨迹发生改变(如洇墨、掉墨等)。同时,古籍修复中常使用水等溶剂或药剂进行清洁、漂洗等处理,亦可能导致墨迹的脱落、洇化。因此,如何对古籍等纸质文物进行固色保护是纸质文物保护研究的重要问题之一。鉴于此,本工作以羧甲基纤维素、胶矾水及壳聚糖季铵盐为固色材料,通过色度测量、pH值测定、扫描电子显微镜-能谱(SEM-EDX)分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析、接触角测量、固色试验及力学性能测试等手段,先后从固色材料对纸张性质的影响、字迹的固色效果及纸和颜料间的相互作用、固色材料适用性及其拓展效果三方面展开研究。结果显示,羧甲基纤维素、胶矾水及壳聚糖季铵盐三种固色材料都具有一定的固色效果,但其性能各异。因此,本工作从多方面综合比较了这三种固色材料对墨及红、蓝墨水的固色效果和性能的差异性,为古籍修复固色材料的选择和评价方法提供基础和借鉴。