Women’s gender role attitudes and fertility intentions of having a second child: survey findings from Shaanxi Province of China

China is a country with a unique history of gender traditions and birth-control regulations. Traditional gender role attitudes, closely related to son preference, exert entrenched influence on the fertility intentions and behaviours of women in China. In recent years, despite the fact that employment characteristics and educational attainment of women have caught up with men, China has witnessed a resurgence of patriarchal Confucian tradition. Gender relations in the private sphere are increasingly regulated by traditional gender norms. Considering the declining fertility in China and recent fertility policy adjustments, this paper analyses the varying effects of gender role attitudes on fertility intentions of women under different birth control policies, utilising data from 1,422 questionnaires conducted in 2015 in the Shaanxi Province in northwestern China and using the Multinomial Logistic Model. Our findings imply that the relationship between women’s gender role attitudes and fertility intention differs between women affected by different birth control policies. We find that among married women with one child who are restricted to one child, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the more likely they intend to have a second child. Among married women who have had one child and are allowed to have two children, the more egalitarian the gender role attitude, the less likely they intend to have a second child. The results also indicate that traditional gender role attitudes and norms still play an important role in Chinese women’s fertility intentions.     

全球化时代的空间积累与分化及对规划角色的再审视

本文的主要目是探讨全球化进程对城市和区域发展的影响和分析全球化时代规划角色的转变。文章首先介绍了全球化的研究阶段和争论,指出全球化是一个非均衡、非对称的过程。随后分析了这种非均衡、非对称过程对空间发展的影响,即城市和区域空间积累与分化及城市密集地区作用的凸现,然后文章对中国空间发展的特殊影响因素和现象进行了探讨。文章认为以经济增长和空间营造为主要目的传统技术规划已经无法适应全球化时代的要求,规划被赋予了公共政策指引和提升竞争力的双重新功能,具备了对内解决问题、对外参与全球竞争的双向职能。     

关中-天水经济区的辐射带动作用和发展路径选择

关中-天水经济区是国家新确定的重点发展区域,是西部大开发新的经济增长极。本文通过历史考察、对比分析和综合分析,深入研究了关中-天水经济区的辐射带动作用和发展路径选择。本文认为:关中-天水经济区建设最显著的特色应当是大力发展高技术,加强自主创新,建设成强大的高技术研究开发基地。加强装备制造业和电子信息集成发展,推进军工经济与地方经济融合发展,加快传统农业向现代农业转变,打造寻根祭祖和周秦汉唐特色旅游品牌。     

沿胶济铁路经济带城市化发展优势、问题及战略构想

山东省胶济铁路沿线产业带经济发达、产业高度密集。该经济带从1840年到目前经历了低水平均衡性空间结构的雏形期,多核心空间结构的发展期,带状点轴空间结构的成熟期。城市化水平也呈相应程度的发展,从城市化水平低、增速慢,城市化滞后于国民经济增长;城市规模结构不尽合理,中心城市的综合实力不强,规模偏小,城市主导功能和职能构成分类明显,对农村人口转移的吸引力不大;一直发展到区域性基础设施水平较高,城市群的开放性和边界的模糊性等特征。在此基础上,胶济铁路经济带城市化发展更要抓住机遇,通过尽快实现胶济铁路电气化的同时,实现腹地西扩,加大城市规模,搞好城市的产业升级和城市升级。     

清教在美国殖民地时期教育发展中的作用

美国教育源于独立之前的殖民地时期。清教在美国教育的兴起与发展过程中发挥了关键作用。普及宗教理念,服务宗教使命奠定了这一时期基础教育追求的目标,成为其原动力。造就教会高级人才,培养牧师队伍,催生了美国早期的高等学府。教派众多,繁荣了这一时期的高等教育,也迫使各个学院逐步放弃教派门户之见,实行宗教宽容与开放。随着时间的推移,在与社会互动的过程中,宗教办学宗旨日趋式微,满足社会需求,适应经济发展,培养各方面需要的人才,成为高等教育的主导理念和实践。在此过程中,殖民地时期的美国教育逐步完成了从宗教走向世俗,从出世走向入世的过渡,孕育出自由平等竞争、独立自主、多样化办学的特色,对后来美国教育的发展产生了导向性影响,成为当代美国教育本质特征形成的滥觞。     

中国特色社会主义在何处“显”特色

中国特色社会主义作为社会主义当前的主要实践形态,有着自己独特内蕴。从它产生的境遇来看,中国正处在由生存危机、制度危机和开放危机转向发展危机、体制危机和封闭危机的转折期;从它分析问题的立意来看,它具有鲜明的问题意识、浓厚的现实意识和兼收并蓄的对话意识;它在解决问题的着点上,既注重整体立意、全局着眼,又强调把握原则,灵活运用,着重创新,强调踏实稳重,分步按阶,彰显着中国特色社会主义建设与发展的协调性、自主性和阶段性。     

Muhammad Abd al‐Rahman (Phillip) Barker: Bridging Cultural Divides through Fantasy/Science‐Fiction Role‐Playing Games and Fictional Religion

“Muslims” and “Dungeons & Dragons” are rarely discussed in the same sentence. However, one of the earliest fantasy role‐playing games, which left a lasting impact on the industry, was the brainchild of Muhammad Abd al‐Rahman (Phillip) Barker (1929‐2012), a professor of South Asian Studies, an expert in Native American languages, and an American convert to Islam. Like Tolkien, Barker created an enormous fantasy world; however, unlike Tolkien, his world was redolent with Native American and South Asian cultural and religious influences. Through this world, he shared with his fans a nuanced understanding of non‐Western societies, cultures, and beliefs – the facets of the human experience that truly constitute multiculturalism. While fictional religion in role‐playing games has been feared and condemned, fictional religion (and occultism) plays a pivotal role in Barker's work; an exploration of his approach towards fictional religion also sheds more light on the question of why fantasy role‐playing games came across as competitors towards religion. Barker's fantasy world brought people of diverse backgrounds together in a beautiful demonstration of how fantasy and science fiction can bring about intercultural and interreligious tolerance in an otherwise intolerant world. Given the centrality of games such as Dungeons & Dragons to American popular culture, an exploration of Barker's legacy can also be seen in the light of the study of the history and contributions of Muslims in America.     

“金色牢笼”:美国华人高技能家属移民的“再女性化”困境

在对美国加州旧金山湾区和圣迭戈的田野调查以及对24名女性的深度访谈的基础上,论文以持家属签证移民的华人女性为研究对象,探究其移民后的家庭、工作状况和性别身份的变化。研究发现,女性家属移民普遍面临“再女性化”困境,即在工作等公共生活中的角色被削弱,作为妻子和母亲的传统女性家庭角色被强化。基于新自由主义的签证政策、美国的家庭文化以及基督教文化共同影响了这一过程。而对于来自中国的女性家属移民而言,这一过程既是其移民后合法权利的被剥夺,也是她们对移民前性别文化和规范的“抵抗”。     

Japan’s role conception in multilateral initiatives: the evolution from Hatoyama to Abe

This article examines Japan’s role conception in its multilateral commitments to the Asia-Pacific after the global financial crisis in 2008. The Hatoyama government launched an East Asian Community initiative, which aimed to assume a kingmaker role in creating a new order in East Asia. However, the East Asian Community initiative did not develop due to stress on self-reliance and distance from partnership with the USA. The Abe government sought to play a dual role in its major multilateral commitments. On the one hand, the government sought to play a follower role in enhancing the position of the East Asia Summit with an eye to consolidating the US-based institutional framework. On the other, Abe’s new multilateral initiative of the Free and Open Indo-Pacific represented Japan’s kingmaker role in maintaining a free and open maritime regime, and to keep a liberal and open economic regime under the emergence of the Trump administration.     

Role conceptions,order transition and institutional balancing in the Asia-Pacific: a new theoretical framework

The dawn of the twenty-first century witnessed a new wave of multilateral initiatives in the Asia-Pacific. By integrating institutional balancing theory and role theory, the author proposes a new theoretical framework—‘balance of roles’—to explain the variations in institutional strategies by different states. It is argued that a state’s role conception will shape its institutional balancing strategies in an order transition period. An order defender, like the USA, is more likely to adopt exclusive institutional balancing to exclude its target from its dominated institutions. An order challenger, such as China, will choose both inclusive and exclusive institutional balancing to maximise its own power and legitimacy in a new international order. As a kingmaker, a proactive second-tier state is more likely to pick an inter-institutional balancing strategy to initiate new institutions for competing for influence with existing institutions. An institutionalised order transition might be more peaceful than widely perceived.