金沙遗址出土金蛙之寓意探析

根据文献记载和考古资料的探析,金沙遗址盎箔蛙形怖是古代蜀人的崇奉象征,是举行“祭蛙求雨”祭祀仪式后的珍贵遗存,     

Rocks of ages: propagation of hot-rock cookery in western North America

Cook-stone technology's Old-World roots were established by 30,000 B.P. and reappeared in the New World by 10,000 B.P., after millennia of direct-fire cooking. Hot-rock cookery, which is necessary for foods that require prolonged cooking, facilitated land-use intensification by affording greater utilization of nutrients in available foods on a given landscape. This technology gradually diversified during the early Holocene in western North America. By 4000 B.P. its initial intensification was underway; final intensification began by 2000 B.P. and typically peaked during the last 1500 years. Propagation of hot-rock cookery exemplifies pre-Columbian food crises and signals carbohydrate revolutions wherein more high-cost foods feed growing populations. As modeled, cook-stone griddles, earth ovens and steaming pits with rock heating elements are more costly facilities, insofar as fuel is used to heat rocks that, in turn, extend cooking time and temperature. More expensive still is stone boiling, given that fuel heats rocks that, in turn, heat water that cooks the food. Even more expensive in terms of energy expended is the manufacture of heating elements in the form of stone, ceramic, and metal cooking containers, all of which afford further evidence of land-use intensification.     

略论西方铜版画艺术在中国明清时期的传播

本文从西方铜版画艺术在明清时期传入中国引发的西画东渐入手,分析了西方铜版画在华从传播到出版的历程,最终揭示了外来文化艺术熔融于中国社会的关键所在：即必须建立在适合的社会生活和社会基础之上。     

石涛与张大千创作特色之比较

石涛和张大千都善于师古人,都重视师造化,作品都讲求气势,是他们创怍特色的相同之处。怛两人艺术个性不同,用笔、用墨特点不同,表现手段不同,则构成了他们刨作特色的区别。     

20世纪史家论历史文学

本文概述了 2 0世纪历史文学研究的历程 ,把 2 0世纪史家关于历史文学的观点归纳为三种 :一是强调科学性而不主张使用文学笔法 ,代表人物是陈垣、何炳松 ;二是强调历史写作的艺术性 ,代表人物是梁启超、张荫麟 ;三是既强调科学性 ,又重视艺术性 ,提出“准确、凝练、生动”的历史文学原则 ,代表人物是白寿彝。认为应当继承和发扬 2 0世纪史家在历史著述方面的优良学风     

Geochemistry of the Bagnères-de-Bigorre thermal waters from the North Pyrenean Zone (France)

Thermal springs are poorly known in the sedimentary sites of the Pyrenees. In this paper, we describe the ‘Bagnères‐de‐Bigorre’ springs which occur in a remarkably active seismotectonic context. A chemical and isotopic study of 15 spring waters (both cold and thermal, ranging in temperature from 7.0 to 49.9°C), and continuous monitoring of a single spring allow us to characterise water–rock interactions, fluids paths and mixing processes. Three groups of waters are distinguished: (I) SO₄²⁺–Ca²⁺–Cl^– thermal waters (II) SO₄²⁺–Cl^––Ca²⁺ thermal waters and (III) HCO₃^––Ca²⁺ cold shallow waters. Their characteristics suggest interactions with Mesozoic evaporite and carbonate formations. O and D isotopes from thermal waters indicate a local meteoric origin of Atlantic signature and a recharge elevation of 800 to 1000 m, which corresponds to a single feeding area. Their δ¹³C values (?2.8 to ?9.6‰) are consistent with carbonate dissolution, slight fractionation and a surficial organic input leading to δ¹³C depletion. Sr isotopes (0.70751 to 0.70777), Na⁺/Cl^– and (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺)/SO₄^2– ratios as well as thermodynamic calculations show that the dissolution of anhydrite and halite‐bearing Triassic layers control the chemical composition of group‐I and ‐II waters. The contrasting trends of cation/Cl^– ratios and TDS of waters from groups I and II suggest the existence of two different circulation paths at depth as well as dilution with surficial waters similar to group III. Calculated mixing proportions show that three waters from group I are diluted from 17 to 66%, whereas all waters from group II are mixed. The aquifer temperature is estimated to be in the range 55–64°C using the retrograde and prograde solubilities of anhydrite and chalcedony, respectively. Accordingly, the mean depth of the reservoir is around 1.7 km, which allows us to constrain the depth of the Triassic layer.     

The fire stones carry: Ethnographic records and archaeological expectations for hot-rock cookery in western North America

Ethnographic data from Kalispel elders in the 1930s attest to use of wild root foods, rock-filled earth ovens, steaming and boiling pits, and hot-rock griddles during the 1800s in forested montane regions of the interior Northwest. Cabeza de Vaca’s narrative of his 1528–1536 travels across the Gulf Coastal Plain of Texas and deserts of northern Mexico illustrates the importance of root foods, earth ovens, and stone boiling in aboriginal Southwest North America. These and other accounts, results of actualistic experiments, and knowledge of cooking requirements afford reliable bases for generating archaeological expectations about fire-cracked-rock assemblages representative of diverse cook-stone facilities.     

古代埃及官吏的说话艺术

古代埃及官吏讲求说话艺术。他们追求的不是以美丽的辞藻说服对方,也不是以高超的辩术驳倒敌手,而是少说话、不到万不得已的时候不说话、说话时找准时候和分寸。对于以国王为代表的统治阶层来说,要求年轻的官吏们遵循这种说话艺术有利于维持由来已久的等级制和防止因言语不当而发生的矛盾和纠纷,对于初入仕途的年轻人来说,掌握说话的技巧和规则有助于他们理顺与上级和下级之间的关系,以免招致上司的厌恶和属下的不满。古代埃及说教文在培养年轻人以符合官场规则说话方面发挥了重要作用,而官吏的自传则揭示了他们身体力行说教文所灌输的劝诫的原因和目的。     

中国古代戏曲音乐的历史流变

戏曲音乐的主体是声腔艺术,而戏曲声腔艺术,则萌芽于金、元时期的北曲与南戏。北曲的形成与发展,确立并开创了我国初具规模的戏曲音乐。曲牌联套体制的组织结构较为严密完整,调性色彩对比较为鲜明,形成了北曲在戏剧音乐发展史上的特殊地位。南戏的音乐成熟虽较之北曲晚,但它繁衍迅速,吸取民间创作的传统特点,特别是采用了北曲的套曲,形成了“南北合套”,同时也解决了复杂的音乐技术问题,成为戏曲声腔艺术繁荣、发展的基础。     

In search of the optimum Raman/IR signatures of potential ingredients used in San/Bushman rock art paint

Vibrational spectroscopy (Raman and FTIR) has played an important role in identifying pigments, substrata and deterioration products in rock art studies worldwide: in the laboratory and on-site. However, the detection of organic binders and carrying agents has so far been scarce and the quality of many spectra recorded on-site inadequate. In this study, possible pigments (charcoal, ochre, raptor faeces, thermally treated ostrich egg shell, etc.), binders (fat, egg, blood) and carrying agents (saliva, gall, egg, water) were selected based on artistic considerations and analysed with FTIR and Raman (514.6 and 785 nm excitation, both available in mobile instruments) spectroscopy in order to determine usable marker bands for each ingredient. The resultant marker bands were then used to analyse five ten year old San replica paints. It was found that FTIR spectroscopy is very efficient to identify organic compounds as there is no fluorescence but the broadness of the bands inhibits the exact assignment of many ingredients. A high fluorescence background experienced for many natural products prevented the recording of Raman spectra for all ingredients, in many instances though the sharp peaks usually associated with Raman spectra make identification easier than with FTIR spectroscopy. Most of the ingredients in the paints could be identified, but it is clear that better results are obtained when more that one technique is used.