泽惠史林之作--评《中国科学技术史·度量衡卷》

《中国科学技术史·度量衡卷》是迄今为止最权威的中国度量衡史著作。该书以历代单位量值的演变作为主线 ,旁及中国度量衡的产生、发展、管理制度、相关的科学技术成就等 ,对中国度量衡史做了系统、全面的研究。该书修正了传统研究的不足 ,补充了以往的空缺 ,对相关历史现象的研究也提出了新的见解。该书的出版 ,为史学研究提供了可资借鉴的权威度量衡史著作。     

明代陕西行都司及其卫所建置考实

辖有十二卫三所的陕西行都司,是明朝控制河西走廊及湟水流域的重要军事建置。本文在将地方卫所建置置于明朝整体战略格局背景下的同时,依据正史和地方志资料,详细考证了明朝陕西行都司诸卫所的建置背景及地域特征。本文指出,明朝对河西走廊的控制,并非象通常认为完成于洪武五年(1372年)冯胜西征,而是以洪武二十六年(1393年)陕西行都司徙置甘州(今甘肃张掖)以及其卫所体系的完成为标志。在"隔断羌戎"的战略思想指导下,明朝初年在西北地区军事中心也经历了从河州(今甘肃临夏)到甘州的变迁。     

边疆危机与行政应对——中法战争后清政府的西南治边策略探析

中法战争后中国西南边疆面临深刻的危机,清政府在加强军事防御的同时,还对边疆地区的行政区划进行积极调整,在西南沿边地区设置了三个边道。边道道员除了拥有广泛的行政司法权外,清政府还赋予其兼管海关事务、中外交涉和防卫边疆等权限,提高了边道应对边疆事务的能力和效率,有利于加强对边疆的治理。广西迁移省会的失败反映了清政府治边行政对策上的局限性,但同时也反映了边疆重臣试图通过改变行政中心以强化边防的努力,为后世提供了有益的启示。     

19世纪的地方政府与荒政——兼论李鸿章在直隶的赈灾活动

本文认为在19世纪地方财政不足,中央财政支持力度又不大的情况下,赈灾力度不足和达不到理想结果应是常态和必然趋势.李鸿章通过自身影响和努力,能够在一定程度上减缓这种趋势,但不可能彻底扭转,因而各种救灾活动不可能达到理想结果.但绝不能以此否定李鸿章任直隶总督时期的赈灾努力.相对于其前后任,李鸿章筹得的款、物最多.赈灾达不到理想结果,更多的是中央政府的责任.     

Do rural development programmes promote gender equality on farms? The case of Slovenia

The necessity of gender equality in agriculture has been identified as a relevant political issue and incorporated into strategic documents and programmes of the EU. However, until now, not much has been examined about the actual contribution of these policy actions and programmes to the everyday life of farm women; there is a considerable gap in the data about women in farming across Europe, particularly for new member states. The article addresses this issue by focusing on the situation of gender equality on farms in Slovenia. Pertaining to two measures of The Rural Development Programme 2004–2006 – the Setting Up of Young Farmers and the Early Retirement of Farmers – the aim of the analysis is to compare the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of these two measures at family farms in terms of their development capacities and their inclination towards gender equality. Results based on the survey data ‘Generations and Gender Relations on Slovenian Farms 2007’ revealed the above-mentioned measures did indeed reach those family farms that showed better development capacities in terms of economic and demographic conditions. However, the farms did not show significant development in terms of gender equality as examined through division of work and decision-making on family farms. The rigidity in gender statuses and roles on family farms is explained and discussed through the issue of unequal access of women to farmland ownership and agricultural education, and through persistently weak institutional support to increase political participation and power for farm women.     

Using ancient DNA identification and osteometric measures of archaeological Pacific salmon vertebrae for reconstructing salmon fisheries and site seasonality at Dionisio Point,British Columbia

Determining the diversity of salmon species represented in archaeological contexts is critical to understanding patterns of salmon harvesting and consumption, storage practices and seasonal patterns of resource exploitation by precontact peoples of the Northwest Coast. We present species determinations generated for salmon vertebrae from the Dionisio Point site (DgRv-003) in coastal southwestern British Columbia, a well-preserved village site that dates to between 1500 and 1300 cal BP. Molecular species identification was possible for 70 Pacific salmonid vertebral elements recovered from one excavated plankhouse at the site. Coupled with osteometric measures, we determine that residents of the plankhouse fished primarily for chum, sockeye and pink salmon, with a lesser emphasis on chinook, coho and steelhead. These results indicate a diverse fishery that likely occurred between July and December, suggesting a mid summer through winter season of occupation for the village.     

EXTENSION OF EUROCODE 8 TORSIONAL PROVISIONS TO MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS

A procedure is presented to extend the static torsional provisions of the Eurocode 8 (EC8) to asymmetrical multi-storey buildings. It is shown that even if the conditions in Annex A of EC8 are satisfied, the static torsional provision will not be effective to compensate for the effect of torsion unless the building possesses a minimum level of torsional stiffness. By means of examples, it is shown that this minimum torsional stiffness condition can be specified in the Code using the mean stiffness radius of gyration of the building calculated based on the proposed procedure as an index.     

IDENTIFICATION AND VERIFICATION OF SEISMIC DEMAND FROM DIFFERENT HYSTERETIC MODELS

The goal of this paper is to develop a modified Bouc-Wen hysteretic model from cyclic loading test data for reinforced columns, including the behavior of stiffness degradation, strength deterioration, pinching and softening effects of RC members. Seismic demands on this inelastic single degree of freedom system when subjected to both near-fault ground motion and far-field ground motion excitations were examined.

The cyclic loading test of reinforced concrete columns was experimentally observed and a system identification computer program was developed to solve each control parameter of the hysteretic model. A least-squared method for identifying parameters of the model is proposed in this paper. The hysteretic constitutive law produces a smoothly varying hysteresis such as the control-parameters for strength deterioration, stiffness degradation, pinching and softening effects. Two implementations of (1) flexure damage and (2) shear damage were conducted to provide better understanding of hysteretic behavior of RC structural members. A pseudo-dynamic experiment was also developed to verify the model parameters.

Based on the developed hysteretic model, the seismic demand of this inelastic model was investigated by using both near-fault ground motion data and far-field ground motion data as input motion. An R-μT inelastic response spectrum from different hysteretic models was generated.     

AN ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING ISODUCTILE RESPONSE SPECTRA

The computation of constant ductility (or isoductile) response spectra for single-degree-of-freedom systems can require numerous individual response history analyses. Recognising that the same ductility response may be obtained for different strength oscillators of a given period, greater computational effort is required to reduce the possibility that a desired solution is not overlooked. Even a single solution may not exist if a local discontinuity in the strength-ductility relationship coincides with the desired value of ductility. This paper describes a two-phase algorithm to identify the highest strength solution for which the corresponding ductility equals (or does not exceed) the desired ductility. The first phase adopts a “check-reject” approach to reject intervals of strength where the possibility of unidentified higher-strength solutions is considered to be remote, thereby narrowing the strength interval in which the solution will be found. The second phase identifies a solution within this interval as rapidly as possible using a bisection approach. The algorithm is implemented in the USEE software program. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm are demonstrated by comparison to results obtained with other software programs.     

YIELDING OSCILLATOR UNDER TRIANGULAR GROUND ACCELERATION PULSE

An analytical solution is presented for the response of a bilinear inelastic simple oscillator to a symmetric triangular ground acceleration pulse. This type of motion is typical of near-fault recordings generated by source-directivity effects that may generate severe damage. Explicit closed-form expressions are derived for: (i) the inelastic response of the oscillator during the rising and decaying phases of the excitation as well as the ensuing free oscillations; (ii) the time of structural yielding; (iii) the time of peak response; (iv) the associated ductility demand. It is shown that when the duration of the pulse is long relative to the elastic period of the structure and its amplitude is of the same order as the yielding seismic coefficient, serious damage may occur if significant ductility cannot be supplied. The effect of post-yielding structural stiffness on ductility demand is also examined. Contrary to presently-used numerical algorithms, the proposed analytical solution allows many key response parameters to be evaluated in closed-form expressions and insight to be gained on the'response of inelastic structures to such motions. The model is evaluated against numerical results from actual near-field recorded motions. Illustrative examples are also presented.