清代地权交易形式的多样化发展

There were three kinds of financial transactions involving rights of land during the Qing Dynasty: debt financing through rights of land, the direct transferring of the rights of land, and the transaction of shares. This article attempts to clarify the confusion between several types of debt financing through rights of land. Ya 押 was loan through land as guaranty and repaying the interest and capital by the rent of land or harvest. Dian 典 was loan through temporary transferring of usage rights and harvest in a certain period of time. Dang 当 referred to various types of loans which involved the rights of land. Di 抵 meant using a certain portion of land right as repayment of debt. Similar with modern financial methods, these financial transactions in the Qing Dynasty allowed peasants to preserve their possessive rights over the land and also satisfied their financial needs. The direct transactions of rights of land and repayment of debt by harvest included juemai 绝卖 (finalized sale of land), huomai 活卖 (not finalized sale of land), dianquan dingtui 佃权顶退 (sell or purchase tenancy), zhaojia 找价 (price add-on after transaction), and huishu 回赎 (redemption). The main purpose of these transactions was to protect the land proprietors as far as possible. Share transaction and co-tenancy of land also appeared in the Qing Dynasty. Such diverse financial transactions not only were substitutes of modern financing tools which allowed peasants to weather financial hardship, but also promoted the changing ownership of land which further encouraged the combination of different production elements and reallocation of resources in the land market. This paper is the research result of the National Philosophy and Social Science Fund Project “Market of land rights and the evolution of its system, 1650–1950.”     

民族村寨旅游开发的内生困境及治理路径——基于资源系统特殊性的深层次考察

少数民族村寨旅游的开发,在导致社区经济结构变化的同时,也使社区结构出现了某些不和谐的因素,严重威胁民族社区旅游的持续发展。如何认识少数民族村寨旅游资源的开发困境和寻求解决路径成为亟待解决的难题。本文以四川理县桃坪羌寨为例,基于对资源系统特殊性的深层次考察,解析少数民族村寨旅游开发中的内生困境及深层次根源,在此基础上提出少数民族村寨旅游开发的治理路径选择。     

民俗旅游资源深度开发刍议

民俗旅游资源是具有强大吸引力的旅游产品,善于开发、综合性开发,才能发挥其历史功能、教化功能、娱乐功能。     

晚清东南社会变迁与近代化智力资源积累

晚清时期,东南地区社会变迁显,这种变迁对近代化智力资源积累所起的促进作用是不言而喻的。此种积累主要表现在近代绅商阶层和近代知识分子群体的形成。反之,近代化智力资源积累又加速了社会变迁,这一点在东南地区表现得相当突出。     

Late Holocene economic specialisation through aquatic resource exploitation at Kobadi in the Méma,Mali

Following the last humid phase of the Late Holocene, human groups left the Saharan latitudes of northern Mali at around 2500 cal. years BC to settle further south. The Kobadi population was among the first Neolithic human groups to enter the Niger Inland Delta in central Mali. People adapted to their new environment by intensifying one of their former subsistence practices, namely fishing. The rich and diversified ichthyofauna exploited was dominated by large Nile perches and a variety of catfish taxa. It testifies to relatively stable hydrological conditions: a fluvial lake which was probably linked permanently to the main Niger River. Fish were caught with harpoons and probably also with diverse fishing devices such as nets, baskets and fences. Preparation processes prior to cooking cannot be determined, but fish were probably cooked on hot coals or stones, the left‐overs of the meals being discarded randomly at the site. Intense exploitation of the aquatic environment near Kobadi provided an abundant, secure and predictable source of protein. Besides fish and riparian mammals, reptiles such as turtles, monitors and crocodile were hunted. Domestic cattle provided milk and/or meat. These animals were either raised at the site or obtained by means of exchange with pastoral groups roaming the hinterlands. From the 2^nd millennium BC, the focus on aquatic resources at Kobadi, mostly through the intensification of fish exploitation, may demonstrate the beginning of economic specialisation in the Niger Inland Delta. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

旅游企业内部人际关系对新员工组织融入的作用机理研究

对刚刚进入组织的新员工,在转换社会角色、适应组织环境、调适个体行为过程中,工作中的人际关系因素起着重要作用。本文以组织社会化理论为研究依据,通过实际测量与分析,探索旅游企业内部人际关系对旅游院校毕业生适应工作、融入组织的影响及其作用机理。本研究的验证与发现有利于旅游企业制定和实施有效的人力资源策略,推动专业人才队伍的培养与建设。     

北极斯瓦尔巴群岛的旅游资源

北极斯瓦尔巴群岛地区是地球最北端的陆区,那里特有的景观,如午夜的太阳、极光、海湾、冰川、极地动物、苔原生态体系、人类探索北极的足迹等都是宝贵的极地旅游资源,有待于我们开发和利用。     

积极心理资本及其在旅游业人力资源管理中的应用

旅游服务的无形性、综合性及生产与消费同时性等特征要求其提供者——员工具有积极的心态和较高的情绪智力,这样才能提高客人感知的服务质量。积极心理资本（PPC）从本质上集中反映了员工的这种心理情绪,所以应该受到旅游企业的特别重视。本文着重探讨PPC在旅游业人力资源管理中的意义、应用以及如何培养员工的PPC。