Endangered species,archaeology, and stable isotopes: huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) isotopic ecology in central-western Patagonia (South America)

The management and conservation of animal species should be based upon a long-term analysis that considers its geographical distribution and feeding patterns. The study of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes on skeletal remains provides a quantitative approach to the paleodietary reconstructions and constitutes a potent tool for comparing behavioral aspects of the fauna. In this paper we present the first set of isotopic values for modern and archaeological samples of Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) from the forests of Central-western Patagonia, Chile. Contrary to initial expectations, our analysis indicates that there is no evidence of an important incidence of the canopy effect on the δ¹³Ccollagen values, which we suggest is due to an ecological selection that drives the huemul to focus its predation on open sectors within the forest. On the other hand, a wide range of δ¹⁵Ncollagen values for huemul was verified. This could reflect the N impoverishment of the forest soils and provide an interesting ecological indicator. The long-term information offered by the archaeological record provides the necessary context for decision-making conducive towards the preservation of Hippocamelus bisulcus in Patagonia.     

The Effects of Competition‐Based Public Policy on Contractual Arrangements

When competition is naturally limited, policymakers craft regulation to obtain effects similar to those that would have occurred in the presence of competition. In many instances, regulation of this type is not successful in overcoming market failures. We rely on property rights theory and transaction cost theory to predict when state‐level policy statements will actually lead to a redistribution of benefits at the city level. We test this theory in the context of cable television franchise renewal agreements—a setting historically resistant to competition. We look to the language of the franchise agreements for evidence of concessions made by the cable operator to the city, and using a difference‐in‐difference estimator, we find that pro‐competitive regulation translates into concessions to the city. However, a credible threat of competition embedded in regulation is not enough to curb opportunism associated with monopoly supply in cases of large franchisees; larger cable operators are at least 60 percent less likely to offer more favorable terms of trade. However, consistent with transaction cost predictions, asset‐specific investments by the cable operator do curb opportunism; there is a 51 percent increase in the odds of a franchisee offering more concessions for a 1 standard deviation change—about 1,020 mi of the plant. These findings are important for those involved in crafting policy at all levels of government as well as for researchers interested in understanding the role of long‐term contracting and the use of hybrid mechanisms such as franchise agreements in contemporary governance.     

景区游客游憩行为计算机仿真模型

本文针对我国重点景区在“十一”黄金周以及“五一”等小长假期间持续出现客流高峰而导致的游客游憩质量下降、游憩安全以及景区环境资源可持续利用等问题,从景区游客游憩行为出发,以基于Agent的RepastSimphony建模框架与地理信息系统ArcGISShape数据模型为元模型,建立了可动态模拟景区游客时空分布的游客行为仿真模型。以颐和园景区长廊游览区为研究对象,基于“五一”小长假现场观测与跟踪数据对模型进行了校核与验证,对实验输出数据所反映的客流时空分布进行了分析,并对其在景区管理的实际应用进行了讨论。     

The Politics of Cognitive Dissonance: Spin,the Media,and Race (and Ethnicity) in the 2008 US Presidential Election

This article examines the roles of spin, the media, and race (and ethnicity) in influencing voter behavior in the 2008 US presidential election. It invokes the concept of cognitive dissonance to explain how political strategists effectively propagandize – i.e., “reinvent their candidates” and “reinvent their opponents' actual record” – in order to successfully garner votes for their candidates. In particular, it considers spin and how spin and the media are used to shape public opinion by causing voters to distrust the veracity, credentials, and records of opposing candidates and to set the policy agenda. It also discusses how race, ethnicity, gender, and policy issues were used in the 2008 US presidential election campaign, and describes the impact of “spinning” on voter behavior and the election outcome. Equally important, it discusses the implications of the Obama victory for Canadian governance in two pivotal areas: domestic race relations and direct parliamentary representation of minorities. The article closes with a brief discussion of the symbolism attributed to Barack Obama's electoral victory by both American and Canadian voters.     

Widespread diffusion of technical innovations around 300,000 years ago in Europe as a reflection of anthropological and social transformations? New comparative data from the western Mediterranean sites of Orgnac (France) and Cave dall’Olio (Italy)

During MIS (Marine Isotope Stage) 9 and the transition to MIS 8 – around 350–300,000 years ago – some lithic assemblages in Europe reflect marked transformations in technical behavior. These transformations involved the standardization of products and the development of diversified and elaborated débitage methods which are considered to be markers of the transition from the Lower to the Middle Palaeolithic i.e. from Mode 2 to Mode 3. Taking the analysis of the sites of Orgnac 3 (Ardèche, France) and Cave dall’Olio (Emilia Romagna, Italy) as a starting point, this paper discusses the variability of these assemblages in Southern Europe as well as the social and anthropological implications of the emergence of new technical behavior. It also aims to show that common features existed both in Northern and Southern Europe. The development of more complex technical systems on a progressively wider territory and at an increasingly earlier age argues in favor of the hypothesis of a close connection with the process of “Neanderthalisation”, possibly accompanied by the transmission of ideas through extensive social networks.     

主题酒店顾客感知服务质量与购后行为的关系研究——基于深圳市主题酒店的实证研究

主题酒店是未来酒店业的发展趋势,是顾客需求升级和酒店业市场竞争加剧的产物。本研究基于顾客感知服务质量的三因素模型和购后行为模式,根据主题酒店的服务特征,构建适合主题酒店服务质量与购后行为关系的计量量表,并以深圳市的六家主题酒店顾客为调查对象展开问卷调查,收集数据,采用结构方程分析软件进行数据分析。根据实证研究结果,对概念模型进行验证,分析主题酒店服务质量与其客人购后行为之间的关系,提出主题酒店改进服务质量的相关建议。     

广州城市不同行业女性非正规就业者行为空间差异及其影响

女性内部差异性已成为西方女性主义地理学的重要研究领域。本文以广州市下渡村餐饮业和芳村茶叶市场茶艺表演业两个典型行业为例,研究不同行业女性非正规就业者的行为空间差异性及其产生的不同影响。研究发现,餐饮业和茶艺表演业女性非正规就业者具有总体上相类似的行为空间结构,但由于其所从事的工作性质和经济收入不同,该结构在尺度构成、出行活动的距离分布和出行频率等方面存在明显差异。这种差异性进一步对上述两类女性非正规就业者的职业发展分别产生了限制和促进的不同作用。女性非正规就业者所属行业特征、行为空间与职业发展处于一种相互作用的关系。     

西方国家社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法的应用研究及启示

随着户外游憩研究的不断深入,获取有效游憩行为和环境信息的重要性突显,美国学者麦肯奇（McKenzie）研创出社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法（System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities,SOPARC）能够瞬时批量高效获取户外游憩活动信息,因而在西方游憩行为研究中逐步获得广泛运用。本文使用文献检索和文献分析法,通过查阅和分析近年西方学者对社区玩耍与游憩观察系统方法的主要应用成果,归纳出西方学者对SOPARC应用研究的热点。通过西方学者应用SOPARC方法研究的特点评述,提出该方法对我国研究的若干启示：SOPARC方法科学有效,能够为我国游憩研究提供技术支撑,但引入应用需要根据中国国情进行改进;SOPARC方法应用广泛,可主要用于游憩行为调查、游憩设施和环境规划及游憩地管理中。     

民营超市购物选择行为影响因素的模型构建与实证研究——以福州市为例

超市是购物休闲的重要场所,探究消费者购物选择行为对超市经营发展有重要作用。该研究以永辉民营连锁超市为载体,采用结构方程模型构建社区居民购物选择行为影响因素与选择行为结果之间数量关系的计量量表。研究表明:(1)福州民营超市消赞者选择行为结果受到多重因素的综合影响;(2)商品退换保证成为民营超市管理环节的重要组成部分;(3)交通便捷程度是购物行为的主要制约四素;(4)网络传媒和朋友推荐是重要的购物信息来源。该研究建立存商业地理学和行为地理学基础上,为民营企业经营决策提供科学依据。     

融入生命历程理论、面向长期空间行为的时间地理学再思考

时间地理学是一种表现并解释时空间过程中人类空间行为与客观制约之间关系的方法论。但是大多数的实证研究仅限于日常行为,长期空间行为研究存在不足。本文通过制约与能动性、行为的长期性、时空间意义等关键命题的再思考,提出可以统合时间地理学和生命历程理论对个体行为进行理解。生命历程理论作为关注个人生命历程和社会变迁互动关系的社会学理论,能够有效地补充时间地理学在社会过程分析中的不足。通过比较二者的异同,本文提出以生命历程理论的生命轨迹和时间地理学的生命路径为基础,重新构建长期空间行为生命路径,整合社会心理因素、多重社会角色、多维社会时间,以实现对于个体生命历程的全面理解。