西方城市更新发展历程和政策演变

西方城市更新大致经历了"清除贫民窟-福利色彩社区更新-市场导向旧城再开发-社区综合复兴"四个发展阶段,各阶段更新政策的历史发展背景、参与对象、更新途径和更新结果各异。通过比较不同阶段城市更新特征看出,西方城市更新理论实现从形体主义规划思想向人本主义规划思想的转变,城市更新发展理念在问题导向下不断发展成熟,城市更新运作模式体现政府、私有部门和社区居民的多方参与倾向。对我国城市更新的启示包括:城市更新政策演变与城市发展过程的关系,城市更新关注对象的讨论,以及政府作用和城市更新多方参与者的利益制衡。     

我国新旧城区联动发展中的问题及其对策探讨

伴随着工业化与城市化进程的加快,我国许多城市面临着旧城区改造与新城区建设两大基本任务,如何正确处理新旧城区的整合及协调发展关系成为人们普遍关注的重大课题。首先分析了我国新城建设和旧城改造过程中存在的主要问题,包括新旧城区之间经济联系薄弱、规划建设各自为政、可达性差、通勤成本高以及拆迁安置不尽合理等,并阐述了问题产生的主要原因;其次,分析了驱动新旧城区联动发展的经济、社会和环境因素,探讨了旧城改造、产业升级、经营城市、市场力等方面在新城建设和旧城改造中的具体作用;最后,从新旧城区的内在联系出发,提出了推进新旧城区联动发展的对策措施:一是规划联动;二是空间联动;三是经济联动;四是政策联动。     

从北京,上海,广州等大城市形态转变的模式和过程中看中国的城市转变

新的城市和经济的发展正在改变着中国城市基本的自然形态和结构。在城市发展的过程当中,能折射出国家动态的经济,社会和政策条件的新的模式正逐渐取代了由浓厚的意识形态所形成的带有鉴别性的模式。论文提供了北京,上海和广州等大城市形态转变的模式和过程的分析。重点谈到了土地使用的专业化,交通循环和建筑的高度,规划的过程,城市的更新及房地产市场的私有化等问题。20世纪见证了,中国大城市外形和构造的戏剧性改变。中国城市国际化的趋势日趋明朗化。中国文化的独特性以及中国社会主义制度的独特性,表明了中国城市的将来仍然与众不同。     

Thin-folded Shell for the Renewal of Existing Wooden Roofs

In this article, a technique for the renewal of historic building wooden roofs is presented. The solution can be used for the strengthening of existing wooden roofs against excessive lateral thrusts on the peripheral wall or for the recovery of the attics, as it allows removing the existing structural elements, such as possible wooden truss-works of no artistic value. With minor adaptations, the solution can be addressed to enhance the building seismic performance. The technique is minimally impairing on existing buildings and can be applied also in new constructions.

The technique is based on the construction of a thin folded shell, overlaying the existing pitches. Emphasis is given to lightweight folded shells, obtained by overlaying thin plywood panels on the existing roof rafters and planks, without modifying the overall architectural layout.

The technique conceptual design is discussed and a simplified analytical method is proposed, which allows for the clarification of the role of each structural component and can be adopted for the folded shell proportioning and design. The analytical results are validated against numerical results obtained with reference to some case studies. Ultimately, emphasis is given to the detailing, whose correct execution is mandatory for the success of the proposed structural intervention.     

Unsettling “Inner City”: Liberal Protestantism and the Postwar Origins of a Keyword in Urban Studies

The term inner city first achieved consistent usage through the writings of liberal Protestants in the USA after World War II. Its genesis was the product of an era when a largely suburban mainline Protestantism was negotiating its relationship to American cities. Liberal Protestants’ missionary brand of urban renewal refocused attention away from the blight and structural obsolescence thought to be responsible for urban decay, and instead brought into focus the cultural pathologies they mapped onto black neighbourhoods. The term inner city arose in this context, providing a rhetorical and ideological tool for articulating the role of the church in the nationwide project of urban renewal. I argue that even as it arose in contexts aiming to entice mainline Protestantism back into the cities it had fled, the term accrued its meaning by generating symbolic and geographic distance between white liberal churches and the black communities they sought to help.     

城市更新中社会网络的保存和发展

本文介绍了城市居住社区中社会网络的内涵和意义,并阐述了以往几种城市改造形式对社会网络产生的影响。进而探讨实现社会网络保存和发展的城市更新有效形式,对城市更新中社区自建和渐进式小规模更新改造等形式的经验进行了回顾。提出应运用渐进式小规模有机更新改造,并借鉴规划师与居民双向交流、共同合作的经验,实现居住社区中社会网络的发展完善。最后本文以盱眙旧城改造为例,分析了城市更新改造中社会网络保存和发展的可行性。     

House of Lords Committee Accommodation and Its Use: Restoration and Renewal in the 19th and 20th Centuries*

Following the 1834 fire, the work of house of lords committees continued virtually without interruption, at first in temporary accommodation and, from 1846, in rooms in the new palace designed by Charles Barry. This article charts the history of house of lords committee activity and the varied use of its accommodation at Westminster from 1834 to the present. Major committee work immediately following the fire included an inquiry into prison reform. Barry's accommodation was scantily fitted out, and quickly needed technical and other adaptations. Committees themselves changed too, with the heaviest phase of private bill activity needed for the creation of the railways tailing off by the late 1860s. Following a low point in committee activity between 1940 and 1970 committee work has developed in fits and starts from 1971 onwards. The further expansion of committees following the Jellicoe committee report of 1992 was accommodated by the reform of private bill procedure, which helped free up committee rooms, and in October 2009, the establishment of the Supreme Court meant that the law lords no longer sat judicially in the large committee rooms 1 and 2. Since 2012, however, the further expansion of committee activity has not been matched by an increase in its accommodation.     

The Cultures of Capitalism: Glasgow and the Monopoly of Culture

Abstract:  While many have recognized since the 1970s the strong relationship between culture and urban renewal, particularly as cities began to use cultural amenities to change their images and lure potential investors, little has been written about how and why cultural assets may be valued investments in their own right. There is at least one notable exception, in the work of David Harvey, and this approach takes as its starting point the importance of the monopoly aspects of culture, particularly for rents, competition and fixed capital. In part, I bring Harvey's theoretical insights on the political economy of culture to bear on the case of Glasgow, Scotland, in the 1980s, and particularly its nomination as the European City of Culture, with particular attention paid to how the economics of culture is related to local politics.     

Developing cross-industry innovation capability: regional drivers and indicators within firms

ABSTRACT

The role of firms in the process of regional renewal and path development is a somewhat neglected area in the existing literature. With few exceptions, the literature is mainly concerned with aggregated development paths. To cover this gap, the current study turns its attention to cross-industry innovation capability (CIIC) building in firms and discusses how conditions for innovation and learning in a region drive this process. We introduce a new concept of CIIC – that is, the firm’s ability to transform knowledge and ideas from different industries into new products, processes and systems and/or its ability to adapt existing products, processes and systems to new industries – and identify its drivers and indicators. The discussion is supported by empirical studies of firms in three Norwegian case regions that undergo the restructuring process due to the recent severe decrease in oil prices. Our empirical data demonstrate that organizationally thick and diversified regions are more favourable for firms’ abilities to develop CIIC and cross-industry innovation activity. As a result, we emphasize that future regional policies should have a stronger focus on the linkages between internal firm characteristics and regional innovation systems to contribute to the firms’ absorptive capacity for developing cross-industry innovation.     

Rendering responsible,provoking desire: women and home in squatter/slum renewal projects in the Turkish context

This article is situated at the intersection of urban restructuring, cultural conservatism and neoliberalism in the Turkish context to understand the new subject formations of poor women as they are relocated to high-rise apartment blocks in slum/squatter renewal projects by the prospect of homeownership via long-term mortgage loans. It contributes by showing the gendered effects of urban transformation on poor women as neoliberalism and conservatism interact. It draws upon two ethnographic studies that reveal women’s experiences embedded both in neoliberalism and patriarchy. In neoliberalism, women’s participation in the informal job market was promoted as they were made responsible for contributing to mortgage payments, and they were brought into consumption as they were provoked the desire for good homes via furnishing, and in patriarchy, women’s traditional roles in social reproduction were demanded in spite of their new roles and responsibilities. The study ponders women’s differentiated negotiations with patriarchy which resisted radical challenges when the family and the home framed women’s new responsibilities and desires. The rising conservatism rooted in Islam in Turkey, which prioritizes the family over individual women, created the conditions for it.