民国时期西北地区交通建设与分布

民国时期是西北地区交通近代化的重要阶段,对于西北地区经济发展和社会变迁起到非常重要的作用。本文依据相关文献资料,在已有研究成果的基础上,从历史地理学的角度论述了民国时期西北交通事业发展的历程及其空间分布规律与特点。     

明洪武年间湖南卫所设置的时空特征

明初,在湖南地区设立的卫所不仅数量众多,而且属性复杂,具有其独特的时空特征。从时间上看,湖南卫所的设置集中在洪武前期和洪武后期;从空间上看,湖广西南部、湘西北、湖南南部等不同区域因各自的地理环境和民族分布差异而表现出相应的空间特征。此外,从卫所分布的空间特征加以把握,可将明代湖南卫所划分为腹地卫所和边地卫所两大类型。在边地卫所中,又可进一步区分为交通型、控御土司型、防瑶型卫所。     

论内战前美国南部奴隶主群体的社会位置与社会控制力

在内战之前的美国南部蓄奴州,奴隶主是一个人口规模很大但地理分布不均衡的社会群体。他们占有了南部社会的大部分经济财富,控制着南部绝大部分政治职位,是南部地区实际上的统治集团。奴隶主群体庞大的社会规模和优越的社会地位使得南部社会形成了支持奴隶制的广大社会基础,但奴隶主人口的地理分布不均衡在一定程度上制约了奴隶主在不同地区对白人社会进行控制的能力。在奴隶主人口稠密地区,奴隶主群体能够实现对白人社会的绝对控制;在奴隶主人口稀少地区,他们的社会控制能力就受到极大削弱。     

Roman traces in Germania magna: New thermoluminescence and pIRIR290 data from a lime kiln at Bergisch Gladbach,Germany

The applicability of a post‐infrared infrared stimulated luminescence (pIRIR₂₉₀) protocol and two different thermoluminescence (TL) protocols—a single aliquot regeneration (SAR) and a multiple aliquot additive dose (MAAD)—was tested on six polymineral fine‐grain (4–11 μm) samples extracted from the wall remains of a Roman lime kiln and a Roman roof tile. These remains had been excavated close to Bergisch Gladbach, which was at that time part of Germania magna. For the pIRIR₂₉₀ measurements, no dependence of D_e on first‐stimulation temperature was detectable, and the standard first stimulation temperature at 50°C was adopted. Fading tests and dose‐recovery tests were made for all samples. Background subtracted glow curves were recorded up to 480°C for TL after a preheat of 220°C for 120 s. A‐values were determined for all TL and pIRIR measurements. The results for all three protocols were fairly consistent, and TL and pIRIR₂₉₀ protocols are shown to be suitable to estimate reliable equivalent doses for the fired kiln walls. The resulting ages are in agreement with the expected time range—Roman Iron Age—and with independent age control provided by radiocarbon ages of animal bones and charcoal from the firing chamber.     

SIMULATION OF THE FOURIER PHASE SPECTRUM FOR THE GENERATION OF SYNTHETIC ACCELEROGRAMS

This study presents the application of a new method for generating synthetic accelerograms based on statistical distributions for Fourier phase differences and Fourier amplitudes as functions of earthquake magnitude, hypocentral distance and site geology. Two important characteristics of the methodology are that it requires a small number of input parameters and that ground motion time histories can be simulated without any specific modulation function. Two areas with different tectonic patterns (North-Eastern and Central Italy) were selected for the application. The results of our analysis are reliable in the case of Central Italy because the data set is large and quite uniformly distributed, while for North-Eastern Italy our results should not be used for distances greater than 30 km.     

唐代旅游资源结构与分布研究——以两《唐书》列传人物旅游活动为中心

本文以《文渊阁四库全书》为基础数据,考查两《唐书》列传人物旅游活动所涉及的旅游资源,以国标GB／T18972—2003作为分类标准,建立唐代旅游资源基础数据库,统计分析唐代旅游资源的结构与分布。结论认为：唐代旅游资源以人文旅游资源为主,佛塔寺观、山岳型旅游地、楼阁亭台是唐代最主要的旅游资源。唐代旅游资源主要分布于政治、经济、文化、旅游中心等地,并有沿主要交通线分布的特征。大多数旅游资源分布于基本经济区内,并有较强的内陆集中性。两京地区、吴越地区、长江中游地区、成都地区和永州一桂州地区是唐代五大旅游资源富集区。封禅线沿线地区和长江流域形成了唐代两大旅游资源带。     

元朝西南地区军事机构的设置及兵力的布置

蒙元朝廷在西南三省军事机构的设置是伴随着灭宋战争而来的。由于面临的形势不同,四川、云南、湖广三行省的军事机构并不相同,各具特色。与此同时,为了维护西南政治稳固,蒙元朝廷在三省的军事险要之地布置了大批的兵力。     

论康熙朝北京内城旗人的外迁及其影响

本文以康熙三十四年（1695年）北京内城一部分旗人由于生计问题移居城外各教场周边地区这一事件为切入点,深入探讨此次事件的历史意义和影响,阐明北京＂城外八旗＂作为一个范围从九门外驻防营房到教场地区营房的整体的形成过程,分析由此形成的清代中期北京城八旗分布不同于以往＂内外城旗民分居＂旧格局的三层新格局,即内城核心八旗驻防区...     

Starch grains analysis of stone knives from Changning site,Qinghai Province,Northwest China

Plant residues recovered from prehistoric stone artifacts can be used to help explain tool function and plant use. At the Changning site in Qinghai Province, Northwest China, dating from 4000 yr BP, we examined starch granules extracted from three slate stone knives. A total of 153 starch grains were retrieved from three stone knives, from which we identified starches from legumes, the Triticeae tribe, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum), roots and tubers. These results indicate that the stone knives may have been used for a variety of activities that included reaping grasses and food processing. The species of starch grains retrieved from the study sample reveal that diverse crops were cultivated at the Changning site 4000 years ago.     

‘Well,Sextus, what can we do with this?’ The disposal and use of insect-infested grain in Roman Britain

Abstract

Beetle (Coleoptera) pests of stored products such as the granary weevil may have entered the archaeological record by various routes, including: (1) deliberate dumping, and usually burial, of spoilt grain with the aim of preventing further infestation of grain in storage; (2) the use of infested grain as human and animal food; (3) the incorporation of infested grain and living or dead grain pests into deposits by accident and by reworking. It is suggested that these routes, although outlined specifically for beetle grain pests, can stand as a model for the way other insects and biological remains became incorporated into the archaeological record. It also is suggested that the identification of these different depositional routes depends strongly on taking a multi-proxy (‘indicator group’ or ‘indicator package’) approach to the archaeological and biological record of urban sites.