宋元之际四川主要城市地理分布格局演变探析

宋元战争之前,四川主要城市分布在四川西北部金牛道及其支线附近。宋元战争打破了四川主要城市原有地理分布格局,出于军事角度考虑,南宋将残存城市迁入山城之内,蒙元因之。山城中军民一体,是宋元之际四川城市地理格局演变的过渡形态。山城修建以江河为纲,增强了岷江—嘉陵江—长江水路的重要性,保存了四川残余的大部分城市资源。战后,山城保护的资源成为四川城市重建的重要基础,有力地促进了四川主要城市沿岷江—长江—嘉陵江水路分布于四川东南部地理新格局的形成。     

李鸿章与晚清漕粮海运

晚清漕粮海运与李鸿章的关系密不可分.他通过恢复海运扩大漕粮海运的参与省份,调整海运规章、抚恤海运群体,扶植轮船招商局、促进漕粮运输工具近代化等方式,对漕粮海运的变革产生了全方位影响,成为推动中国社会走向近代的重要人物.     

清代黄土高原地区城镇书院的时空分布与选址特征

清代城镇书院已比较普遍地发展起来,但城镇书院在各地的发展却经历了不同的时空演变过程。本文通过对黄土高原地区不同级别城镇书院的考察,详细地揭示了不同级别城镇书院的时空演变过程及其特征。府县级城镇仿效省会设立书院的实践主要在乾隆年间才出现,城镇书院的发展总体上由区域东南部向西北部推广,乾隆时期出现发展高峰,发展重心向黄河以西转移。城镇书院时空变化特征显著。书院选址以城内为主,空间上体现了偏重东部和东南部的观念。     

民国时期西北地区交通建设与分布

民国时期是西北地区交通近代化的重要阶段,对于西北地区经济发展和社会变迁起到非常重要的作用。本文依据相关文献资料,在已有研究成果的基础上,从历史地理学的角度论述了民国时期西北交通事业发展的历程及其空间分布规律与特点。     

明洪武年间湖南卫所设置的时空特征

明初,在湖南地区设立的卫所不仅数量众多,而且属性复杂,具有其独特的时空特征。从时间上看,湖南卫所的设置集中在洪武前期和洪武后期;从空间上看,湖广西南部、湘西北、湖南南部等不同区域因各自的地理环境和民族分布差异而表现出相应的空间特征。此外,从卫所分布的空间特征加以把握,可将明代湖南卫所划分为腹地卫所和边地卫所两大类型。在边地卫所中,又可进一步区分为交通型、控御土司型、防瑶型卫所。     

Common good and private justice: letters of marque and the utilitas publica in fourteenth-century Marseilles

Political debate, even in medieval Europe, has often centred upon the relationship between individual liberties and the greater good. Fourteenth-century town councils had to think about protecting private property while ensuring the greater public good. The council registers of late medieval Marseilles offer the opportunity for insight into this public–private dichotomy through an examination of the council's decisions to suspend temporarily the execution of letters of marque. In fourteenth-century Marseilles, letters of marque helped citizens gain restitution from foreign debtors through a judicial authorisation to seize foreign assets. The suspensions, justified in the language of the utilitas publica, were declared for two reasons: to protect the integrity of the town's market by ensuring an ample supply of labourers and victuals, and to protect the town's honourable reputation when dignitaries visited. Study of these suspensions illustrates an overarching philosophy in urban government – that the public good must be safeguarded against private advantage.     

A rediscovered people: the poor,the very poor and the destitute in the Northwest

The author of this piece, Dr Margaret Hanly, died before it could be refereed or published. The editors subsequently sought referee comments and these were very positive. Changes to the text were undertaken by the team at Family and Community History but the article remains largely as it was submitted to us. At its core is an engagement with the idea of the process of poor relief, with a particular focus on Lancashire. The article argues that in this spatial context, the poor law had a significant exclusionary impetus, seeking to keep down the numbers accepted for relief and the amounts paid to them.     

Ageing in remote and cyclone‐prone communities: geography,policy, and disaster relief

Focusing on the experience of independent‐living older adults, this study explored how those in regional Australian coastal communities have coped with repeated natural disasters. Using an exploratory, mixed‐method, and phenomenological approach, an array of non‐probability snowballing techniques was used to seek participation from residents aged 65 years or more, and from emergency services officers, disaster managers, and community health care providers located in regional communities affected by Cyclone Larry (2006) and Cyclone Yasi (2011). The research found that post‐disaster political decisions have had a negative long‐term impact on local economies, causing outmigration by those seeking employment, and resulting in many elderly residents facing a future without family support. As government policies encourage ageing‐in‐place by providing subsidised in situ care, increasingly older adults are remaining in exposed vulnerable locations, reliant on authorities for their survival both day‐to‐day and during an emergency. Findings also uncovered inconsistent disaster management policies between neighbouring local government councils and an unrealistic reliance on in situ care organisations by disaster managers during preparation and recovery stages of a natural hazard. These results highlight the need for those charged with emergency management to reassess both the future natural hazard adaptive capacities of ageing regional communities and policy responses to such challenges.     

Integrating Geomorphological Assessments and Oral Histories in Catchment Management: Implications for the Mulgrave River,Northeastern Australia

The dramatic decline in the integrity of Australian river systems in recent decades has seen the development of landcare and catchment management groups across the continent as the main facilitators of river rehabilitation works. There is growing concern for the need to develop adaptive management frameworks that assist informed decision making through the integration of social and geomorphological knowledge into catchment planning. In the Mulgrave River Catchment of northeastern Queensland, difficult management decisions have to be made with limited access to knowledge of natural processes and baseline geomorphological data. To date management decisions have been based almost exclusively on oral histories that state that point bars are accreting and the river is becoming shallower due to bank erosion. As a result bank stabilisation and removal of sand from within the channel have been recommended in the absence of any geomorphological assessments. This study compares oral histories of river bank erosion in the Mulgrave River with geomorphic evidence to highlight the need for integrated landscape scenario planning. The results of grain size analysis of bank and bed material from 27 locations, involving 47 samples, suggest that bank erosion cannot be delivering sediments to point bars. Furthermore, qualitative analysis of historic parish maps and aerial photographs shows that there has only been moderate bank erosion at three locations along the Mulgrave River since European settlement. The study demonstrates the important role that geomorphological investigations have for catchment management and the need for management frameworks that integrate geomorphological processes and landholder priorities for sustainable river management.     

19世纪越南政区的时空分布与变革特征

19世纪越南阮朝统治者的改革,导致其政区时空分布发生变动。政区数量在1840年达到巅峰,其中高层政区数目最为稳定,统县和县级政区数目前后起伏较大。数量变动影响了政区密度和管理幅度,缓解了高地和低地政区设置失衡的局面。嘉隆改革的特征是淡化了政区的军事色彩,明命改革的特征是对清朝省制引入与调适,此后的统治者没有实施大规模改革,只是进行了修补性调整。