Archaeological Survey of Dynamic Coastal Landscapes and Paleoshorelines: Locating Early Holocene Sites in the Prince Rupert Harbour Area,British Columbia,Canada

We present and test a predictive archaeological survey model that targets early Holocene paleoshorelines in the Prince Rupert Harbour area using LiDAR bare earth digital terrain models and a 15,000-year reconstructed history of relative sea level change. Despite a century of archaeological research in the study area, no sites dating earlier than 6000 cal b.p. had been identified prior to our research. Our field survey identified three early Holocene sites associated with paleoshorelines 7–10?m above current sea level (masl). These locations demonstrate repeated use through the Holocene even as shoreline position changes. We discuss these new data in relation to the early Holocene archaeological record from the rest of the northern Northwest Coast and suggest that the region was ubiquitously occupied by this time and that the lack of recorded early Holocene sites in some areas is likely a result of survey and preservation bias, rather than historical reality.     

"空间剥夺"与县域经济发展问题——以吉林省中部地区为例

本文以"核心—边缘"理论为基础,着眼于实证区域的特征,分析县域经济发展中的"空间剥夺"问题。指出县域经济"空间剥夺"具有空间性、持续性和综合性特征。将其作用机理概括为三个方面:县域经济发展要素的"极化"效应,制度因素的作用和核心城市产业的空间侵占。指出空间距离,核心城市与县域经济的规模对"空间剥夺"的强度和作用机理产生影响。在实证分析的基础上,认为吉林省中部地区存在县域经济发展的"滞后"区域。其形成与"空间剥夺"有直接关系。本文还探讨了"空间剥夺"下县域经济发展的思路,提出培育与区域特征相协调的主导产业,遏制发展要素的"逃逸,"并适时调整县域经济发展的"重心,"完善与县域经济相适应的金融系统等建议。     

The pure effect of social preferences on regional location choices: The evolving dynamics of convergence to a steady state population distribution

This paper tracks the consequences of individuals’ desire to align their location with their social preferences. The social preference studied in the paper is distaste for relative deprivation, measured in a cardinal manner. Location is conceived as social space, with individuals choosing to relocate if, as a result, their relative deprivation will be reduced, holding their incomes constant. Conditions are provided under which the associated dynamics reaches a spatial steady state, the number of periods it takes to reach a steady state is specified, and light is shed on the robustness of the steady state outcome. By way of simulation it is shown that for large populations, a steady state of the relocation dynamics is almost always reached, typically in one period, and that cycles are more likely to occur when the populations’ income distributions are more equal.     

城市社区体系结构可获性评价的原理研究

从人本主义的角度出发,以提升城市生活空间质量为目的,运用城市生活空间质量观的理念分析了城市社区体系结构的公正性和客观可获性的内涵。构建了城市社区体系结构可获性评价的模式,即阶层化居舍剥夺指数评价模式和阶层化社会区剥夺指数模式。阐述了基于"城市资源的配置是均等的"这一假设,结合城市社区体系结构可获性评价要素,提出了城市社区体系结构可获性评价的操作模式,以期构建完整的城市社区体系结构,提升城市社会空间的阶层可获性。     

Mapping the spatial pattern of the uncertain data in urban areas: The disadvantaged predict global nonresponse rate in the National Household Survey

High levels of survey nonresponse potentially produce unreliable data due to the often indeterminable possibility of such data being subject to nonresponse bias. In this paper, spatial patterns of global nonresponse rate are analyzed in order to identify whether systemic bias exists across urban spaces with regard to survey nonresponse. Forward stepwise regression is used in combination with spatial regression analysis to build models enabling the prediction of global nonresponse rates in the voluntary 2011 National Household Survey based on explanatory employment, housing, income, and other variables within 11 Canadian cities. The modelling process underscores the inequity of global nonresponse rates; places with high unemployment, high rates of rental properties, a higher proportion of Aboriginal residents, and lower educational attainment have lower compliance with the voluntary survey. Such a pattern has the potential to dramatically influence the ability of government, non-governmental organizations, and other service providers to address the needs of residents of such urban areas.     

Community asset transfer and strategies of local accumulation

Community asset transfer enables local groups to own or manage a government-owned facility and related services. For critics, it is merely an extension of rollback neoliberalism, permitting the state to withdraw from welfare and transfer risk from local government to ill-defined communities. The paper uses quantitative and case-study data from Northern Ireland to demonstrate its transformative potential by challenging the notion of private property rights, enabling communities to accumulate and creating local consumption circuits. It suggests that asset-led social enterprises are entangled in a mix of pro-market and alternative economic strategies which are necessarily traded off each other in the reproduction of social value. There is not an ethically pure form of asset transfer but the tactical adaptation of different modes of working, including the enhancement of state services as well as more independent forms of economic and social organisation. However, the analysis points to the political weaknesses of three specific projects and in particular, the lack of corporate working that has limited their reformist potential. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for more progressive forms of social economics and the skills, finance and practices that facilitate local accumulation strategies.     

基于资源环境考虑的产业结构选择基准的探讨

产业结构是人类作用于生态环境系统的主要环节,它的组合类型和强度在很大程度上决定了经济效益、资源利用效率和对环境的胁迫,因此构造一个合适的评价标准对产业结构的合理性进行评估是十分重要的,尤其是在全国都在调整产业结构以求实现经济持续增长的时候,这一点显得尤为关键。本文从环境及资源角度出发,建立了基于资源环境考虑的产业结构综合相对势评价模型,并利用这一模型对福州市的工业内部结构进行了实证分析,在此基础上对福州市的工业内部结构的调整提出一系列建议。     

The Indexification of Poverty: The Covert Politics of Small-Area Indices

In recent decades statistical indices have become a dominant method for measuring many features of the social world. While the resulting enumerations are regularly cited by critical human geographers, the wider political stakes of indexing the world remain unaddressed. In this article, we theorise indexification as the process through which composite statistics transform theoretical constructs into epistemic objects, and then geographically bounded rankings. Rather than a neutral process, we argue that these epistemological manoeuvres can mask various forms of violence. Through a detailed analysis of the UK's Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), we highlight the clandestine politics of indexification and their tendency to conceal harms meted out by the state. Seeking a more critical reckoning with indices, we conclude by calling for and outlining a project of radical indexification—a participatory, democratic, and transparent endeavour that takes spatial justice as its organising principle.     

剥夺或重构:网络休闲对非网络休闲行为空间的影响——基于“开心农场”游戏用户的案例研究

网络休闲作为现代人休闲活动中的重要部分,影响着实体空间中的休闲活动,为了辨明其影响表现,本文以"开心农场"游戏用户为案例,通过问卷调查获取第一手资料,分析结果显示:首先,人们从事网络休闲的时间越长,对网络休闲的依赖度越高;其次,网络休闲活动越多,非网络休闲活动的距离衰减现象越明显;再次,网络休闲对非网络休闲行为空间构成重构或剥夺的影响,取决于网络休闲的投入程度。对新生期和成长期玩家构成重构的影响;对成熟期和老龄期玩家构成剥夺的影响,并得到线性预测方程。最后,研究局限性和后续可展开的研究被提出。     

Relative Income and Female Autonomy

This study attempts to explore how relative income contributes to the autonomy of women at both personal and household levels. The potential problem of endogeneity, or reverse causality, in examining the link between female autonomy and relative income is addressed using the Instrumental Variable (IV) estimation approach. The years of education of a woman and her husband are used as instruments for the woman's relative income. Along with the use of exogenous variables as instruments, the heteroskedasticity present in the data is also exploited to form instruments for the relative income of women. The results of this study suggest that relative income unambiguously improves autonomy of women in household decision making but its beneficial effect on autonomy in personal decision making was not found to hold true in all the model specifications (with alternative identification schemes) as employed in this study.