青海民和县出土马家窑文化彩陶的科学分析研究

为了解青海民和回族土族自治县(以下简称民和县)阳山墓地(半山类型)和马牌墓地(马厂类型)出土的马家窑文化彩陶颜料成分及制作工艺,采用偏光显微技术、显微拉曼光谱、X射线衍射及扫描电镜-能谱对其进行综合分析。结果表明:民和县马家窑文化彩陶黑彩的呈色物相为磁铁矿和黑锰矿;红彩的呈色物相为赤铁矿;白彩的呈色物相为石英;黑彩的Fe/Mn比值,从半山时期的0.31增长到马厂时期的2.45左右,Fe/Mn比值呈现上升趋势。民和县铁矿颜料的应用是继化隆县纳卡遗址发现的又一实例,为研究矿物颜料在甘青地区史前时期彩陶中的使用历史提供重要的线索。结合地质文献资料,推测青海民和县所使用的矿物颜料为就近取材。陶胎岩相主要由石英、长石、角闪石及碳酸钙组成;以强烈铁染为特征;孔隙较多,大多拉长定向分布;在900℃左右焙烧成器。在此基础上将对甘肃和青海地区史前彩陶岩相组成进行对比研究,深入探析彩陶贸易及陶器产地信息,进而为陶器的研究与保护提供依据。     

Portuguese Blue‐on‐Blue 16th–17th Century Pottery

Blue‐on‐blue (‘berettino’) sherds have appeared in numerous production and consumption archaeological excavations in Lisbon and other archaeological sites in Portugal (dated from the mid‐16th century to the beginning of the 17th century). The abundance of this interesting faience led us to compare it with similar pottery from other well‐known production centres in Italy, namely Liguria (Savona and Albisola), Spain (the Triana kilns) and the Low Countries. Differences in the diffraction patterns of the sherds' pastes from the four countries were observed. In most samples, cobalt blue silicate (cobalt olivine) was identified in the dark blue or light blue glazes through the use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectra. A remarkable difference in the calcite contents of the Lisbon and Seville pottery sherds was observed, in accordance with previous observations of high calcite contents of Seville ceramics. A comparison was also made for all of the blue‐on‐blue sherds studied here with many other 16th–17th century sherds from Lisbon using bivariate plots of K/Si versus Ca/Si. Lisbon and Seville pottery behave very differently, whereas sherds from Italy and the Low Countries occupy intermediate positions.     

Anglo‐Saxon Style Pottery from the Northern Netherlands and North‐Western Germany: Fabrics and Finish,Regional and Chronological Patterns,and their Implications

This paper presents the results of a study of Anglo‐Saxon style pottery in the northern Netherlands and north‐western Germany, involving macroscopic and microscopic analysis of fabrics and finish. Both regions show similar developments in form and decoration in the pottery of the fourth and fifth centuries ad , the late Roman and Migration period, resulting in the typical decoration and shapes that are known as the Anglo‐Saxon style. In the northern Netherlands, this style is traditionally associated with Anglo‐Saxon immigrants. It has, however, been suggested that this style was, rather, part of an indigenous development in areas in the northern Netherlands where occupation was continuous, though influenced by stylistic developments in north‐western Germany. That hypothesis is supported by the analysis of fabrics and finish presented here. The characteristic of fabrics and surface treatment indicate technological continuity. The use of local clay sources for Anglo‐Saxon style pottery and for contemporary regional types indicates that most of the Anglo‐Saxon style pottery in the northern Netherlands was not brought by Anglo‐Saxon immigrants or as imports, but must have been made locally. That applies to settlements with continuous habitation, as well as settlements in the coastal area that were not inhabited during the fourth century ad .     

Ophiolites Associated with Pottery Production in Bronze Age Crete

This study investigates diversity among ophiolite‐bearing sediments that were exploited for pottery production in Bronze Age Crete (c.3000–1200 bc ). The focus is on loose and consolidated formations of Upper Tertiary to Quaternary ages that contain some detrital products of Mesozoic ophiolitic source rocks. A literature review, geological fieldwork, sediment sampling and petrographic analysis are combined to identify the origin, the geographical distribution and the stratigraphic position of these ophiolitic sediments, and to assess regional diversity in their mineralogy and texture. The results provide insights into current archaeological problems regarding the provenance and production of ophiolite‐bearing pottery in Bronze Age Crete.     

西汉南越王墓出土陶响器试析

西汉南越王墓出土的数件遗物,具有陶质、中空、内装砂粒、器物外表镂空或装饰有纹饰等特征,发掘报告中按照陶响器进行了命名;徐州狮子山楚王墓出土有外形相似的遗物,却作为洗浴器具命名。通过对比和研究相关器物本身的结构形态、出土位置和伴出物等因素,可以推断南越王墓出土的这几件"陶响器"的真实功能可能也是洗浴用具。     

秦汉时期岭南联体陶器研究——以五联罐为主

秦汉时期岭南地区的墓葬中大量出土各种类型的联体陶器,被普遍认为是当地考古学文化的特色。这些联体陶器的分布、形制、共出陶器和墓葬背景呈现如下特点:它们在岭南地区呈现以秦汉郡治为中心的多点辐射式分布,数量和类型呈现"故王都—郡治—一般县城"的层级落差,近海较内地数量多、类型丰富;在发展脉络上,从多种类型到比较单一的五联罐再到急骤消失;联体陶器应该是一种南越国时期在外地工艺冲击下出现的本土化产品,与"边地半月形地带"和环地中海地区的kernos/pseudokernos可能存在渊源关系。     

馆藏唐代“红地团窠对鸟纹锦”的保护修复

甘肃省博物馆藏唐代"红地团窠对鸟纹锦",存在残缺、污染、糟朽等严重病害,急需进行保护修复。本工作在采用测色仪、便携式荧光光谱仪、数码相机、掌上便携式显微镜scalar等专业仪器对该纺织品文物进行无损分析检测。依据检测结果和纺织品保存现状制定了科学的保护修复方案,继而采用支撑法,选用风格相近的背衬面料进行缝合加固,并对修复难点等问题进行研究分析。修复后的织锦纹理清晰,丝线稳固,色泽协调,整体牢固度提高,达到了理想的保护修复效果。此成果对今后同类文物的保护修复具有借鉴意义。     

江西仙人洞遗址两万年前陶器的年代研究

陶器的出现使得人类生存和社会行为发生了重要转变。我们对江西万年仙人洞遗址出土陶器进行了年代研究、对陶片和碳十四测年样品层位关系开展地层显微结构分析,结果显示遗址出土最早的陶片年代为距今19,000～20,000年,比东亚和其他地区的陶器早了2000～3000年。洞穴内遗存证明这些陶器是在末次冰盛期由采集狩猎者所制造,可能被用做炊煮器。说明陶器在农业出现以前一万年甚至更早就被制造和使用了。     

低温陶器的烧成温度测定及其初步应用

针对常规热膨胀法不适用于低温陶器原始烧成温度测定的现状,我系师生经过几年努力,建立健全了测定低温陶器原始烧成温度的热膨胀方法。本文旨在介绍完善健全这一方法的模拟实验和相关理论,以及它在东胡林遗址出土陶器烧成温度测定上的成功应用。显然,这一方法的健全和东胡林出土陶器烧成温度的测定,对于早期陶器烧制工艺的研究皆具有极为重要的意义。     

徐州西汉墓陪葬陶俑述论

徐州作为两汉重要的诸侯王封国所在地,有较多西汉墓陪葬有陶俑。从总体上看,徐州西汉墓陪葬陶俑经历了萌芽、繁荣和衰落的全面发展过程,每一阶段都有其自身的特点和表现形式,并与社会的发展及葬制、葬俗的演进等密切相关。徐州西汉墓陪葬陶俑还与本地区东汉墓葬及周边地区西汉墓葬的陪葬陶俑存在一些相同和不同之处,综合反映出相关丧葬内容、物质文化等的时代特点及地域特征。