清末民初西布特哈地区教育问题述略——以《档案史料选编·黑龙江少数民族》为中心

光绪三十二年（1906）,清政府以嫩江为界,将原布特哈八旗分为东、西两路,始有“西布特哈”之称。清末民初西布特哈地区的教育问题,实质上就是这一地区达斡尔、鄂温克族的民族教育问题。本文以地方官员对西布特哈教育的关注及西布特哈地区教育的民族因素等主要问题为门径,揭示清末民初东北边疆地区特有的少数民族地区教育的发展规律,分析西布特哈地区文化发展的内涵及其社会发展问题。     

Sourcing Iron Age softstone artefacts in southeastern Arabia: results from a programme of analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry/Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-MS/OES)

Iron Age softstone vessels manufactured in southeastern Arabia are widely distributed across that region and in lesser amounts throughout Western Asia. Results from a pilot programme of analysis using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry/Optical Emission Spectrometry on vessel fragments from two southeast Arabian sites are presented. These results indicate the existence of geochemically distinct groups that are separated by both transition metals and rare earth elements. While this indicates the potential for the application of the provenance postulate in softstone analysis, these promising results need to be further tested by an expanded programme of analysis which includes quarry fragments.     

Examination of some pigments,grounds and media from Egyptian cartonnage fragments in the Petrie Museum,University College London

A number of cartonnage fragments from the collections of the Petrie Museum, UCL, were examined to identify pigments, media and grounds. The different types of cartonnage made in ancient Egypt are reviewed. Special attention was paid to green pigments, which were shown to be of green earth, or a mixture of Egyptian blue and a yellow, usually goethite or orpiment. Green earth was found in one artefact, dated to the 9th century BC: all other examples were from the Graeco-Roman period. No copper-organometallic greens were present in the examples studied, or Egyptian green, or malachite. Binding media was identified both by ELISA and by GC/MS. A pink colourant was identified as madder, while lead white was used as a white in one example, showing the influence of Roman and Greek pigments on Egyptian art in these later periods. Plant gum, egg, and animal glue were found in different fragments, with mixed media in a few cases. Moganite was found associated with quartz in some preparatory layers by X-ray diffraction, which has not been reported previously as a constituent of ground layers in Egyptian artefacts.     

蚌埠双墩遗址几何类刻划符号试释

蚌埠双墩遗址出土的陶器刻划符号是研究早期文字形成和文明发展的重要材料。其中,几何类刻划符号具有表现某些原始思想观念和简单记事的功能。水纹系列刻划符号主要是表现水波起伏的动态形象;"圆圈形"符号可能和"天"有关;"半框形"、"方框"和"十字形"符号可能和"地"和"四方"有关。     

旅游目的地定位主题口号设计若干基本问题的探讨——基于品牌要素视角的分析

本文从旅游目的地定位主题口号作为品牌化中品牌要素的角度,结合部分国外目的地品牌化研究文献、品牌理论和相关营销学理论,对在目的地品牌化这一新研究框架下定位主题口号的概念理解、双向沟通功能、科学设计方法和流程以及设计中须注意的几条原则进行了探讨。文章旨在通过详细阐明理想目的地口号的作用目标和设计原则,厘清传统营销中对该相关问题的一些模糊认识,并拓宽思路,为国内的目的地口号设计实践注入少许新的观点。     

清代淮河流域旱涝灾害的人为因素分析

本文根据历史文献的记载,对清代淮河流域的水旱灾害进行了量化分析,得出了此时期旱涝灾害发生的基本情况。淮河流域的旱涝灾害有的是纯自然力所为,但更多的是人们利用自然的失当所致。本文主要从人为活动因素即人类的不当行为入手,对清代淮河流域旱涝灾害发生的原因作一初步考察。     

On the origins of extractive metallurgy: new evidence from Europe

The beginnings of extractive metallurgy in Eurasia are contentious. The first cast copper objects in this region emerge c. 7000 years ago, and their production has been tentatively linked to centres in the Near East. This assumption, however, is not substantiated by evidence for copper smelting in those centres. Here, we present results from recent excavations from Belovode, a Vin?a culture site in Eastern Serbia, which has provided the earliest direct evidence for copper smelting to date. The earliest copper smelting activities there took place c. 7000 years ago, contemporary with the emergence of the first cast copper objects. Through optical, chemical and provenance analyses of copper slag, minerals, ores and artefacts, we demonstrate the presence of an established metallurgical technology during this period, exploiting multiple sources for raw materials. These results extend the known record of copper smelting by more than half a millennium, with substantial implications. Extractive metallurgy occurs at a location far away from the Near East, challenging the traditional model of a single origin of metallurgy and reviving the possibility of multiple, independent inventions.