论法律运行的变量转化关系

法律的运行过程是法律从产生到实施的全部过程,包括法律的制定、遵守、执行三个阶段。如果从观念、制度与行为的关系角度来看待法律运行过程,我们就会发现,法律的运行实际上是从观念到制度,再从制度到观念,最后从观念到行为的变量转化过程。     

Morphological evolution of three‐dimensional chemical dissolution front in fluid‐saturated porous media: a numerical simulation approach

This paper is concerned with the morphological evolution of three‐dimensional chemical dissolution fronts that occur in fluid‐saturated porous media. A fully coupled system between porosity, pore‐fluid flow and reactive chemical species transport is considered to describe this phenomenon. Using the newly presented concept of the generalized dimensionless pore fluid pressure‐gradient, which can be used to represent the interaction between solute advection, solute diffusion, chemical kinetics and the shape factor of the soluble mineral, a theoretical criterion has been established to assess the likelihood of instability at a chemical dissolution front in the reactive transport system. To simulate the chemical dissolution front evolution in a three‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous medium, a numerical procedure combining both the finite difference method and the finite element method has been proposed. As the problem belongs to a complex system science problem, a small randomly generated perturbation of porosity is added to the initial porosity of a three‐dimensional homogeneous domain to trigger instability of a planar chemical dissolution front during its propagation within the fluid‐saturated porous medium. To test the correctness and accuracy of the proposed numerical procedure, a three‐dimensional benchmark problem has been constructed and the related analytical solution has been derived. This enables using the proposed numerical procedure for simulating the morphological evolution of a three‐dimensional chemical dissolution front from a stable, planar state into an unstable, fingering state. The related numerical results demonstrate that the proposed numerical procedure is useful for, and capable of, simulating the morphological instability of a three‐dimensional chemical dissolution front within a fluid‐saturated porous medium.     

洪秀全家族婚育状况量的分析

《洪氏宗谱》是一部与洪秀全有关的族谱。利用族谱对洪氏家族婚育状况作定量分析和研究,不仅对洪氏家族的婚育状况有一定的认识,也有助于对我国传统社会婚育状况的研究和认识。内容涉及平均世代间隔、婚配率、有子率、有子数量构成比率、人口变动分析和早婚早育等。     

Why Are Clovis Fluted Points More Resilient than Non‐Fluted Lanceolate Points? A Quantitative Assessment of Breakage Patterns Between Experimental Models

For decades, archaeologists have wondered whether the Clovis Palaeoindian (c.11 600–10 800 radiocarbon years bp ) practice of ‘fluting’, a flake removal technique that creates a distinctive shallow channel extending from the base of the projectile point towards the tip, bestowed a functional advantage over non‐fluted projectile points. Using analytical modelling and static engineering experiments, Thomas et al. (2017) found that points that more effectively redistribute stress and relocate damage can absorb significantly more energy, last longer and remain intact relative to points that do not experience these phenomena. In general, stress redistribution and damage relocation is significantly more likely to occur in fluted points, as opposed to non‐fluted points, suggesting that fluting acts as a ‘shock absorber’. Here, we present a comparative quantitative assessment of breakage patterns between Thomas et al.’s (2017) experimental points that shows those experiencing stress redistribution and damage relocation were also able to significantly better resist breakage, and to incur non‐catastrophic breaks, than points that less effectively redistribute stress and relocate damage. This more beneficial breakage pattern explains the material advantages provided by stress redistribution and damage relocation, and hence the potential motivation for fluting. This does not preclude the possibility that the process of fluting was accorded significance beyond its possible utilitarian value. Additional tests will be necessary to further resolve the ‘shock‐absorbing’ capabilities of fluting.     

A simple Bayesian approach to tree‐ring dating

Tree‐ring dating involves matching sequences of ring widths from undated timbers to dated sequences known as ‘master’ chronologies. Conventionally, the undated timbers (from a building or woodland) are sequentially matched against one another, using t‐tests to identify the relative offsets with the ‘best’ match, thus producing a ’site’ chronology. A date estimate is obtained when this is matched to a local master chronology of known calendar age. Many tree‐ring sequences in the UK produce rather low t‐values and are thus declared not to have a ‘best’ match to a master chronology. Motivated by this and the routine use of Bayesian statistical methods to provide a probabilistic approach to radiocarbon dating, this paper investigates the practicality of Bayesian dendrochronology. We explore a previously published model for the relationship between ring widths and the underlying climatic signal, implementing it within the Bayesian framework via a simulation‐based approach. Probabilities for a match at each offset are produced, removing the need to identify a single ‘best’ match. The Bayesian model proves successful at matching in both simulated and real examples.     

Evolution of Temperature and Moisture Fields in Charles Bridge in Prague: Computational Prediction and Measurements

Charles Bridge in Prague, founded in 1357, is one of the most prominent historical structures in Europe. It interconnects two Prague districts, the Lesser Town and the Old Town districts, separated by the Vltava River. In the past, the bridge underwent a variety of repairs and retrofits. Within the framework of the moderate repair carried into effect in 2007 to 2010, a measuring system was installed in the bridge, and the temperature and moisture content at selected gauge points have been continuously monitored for a period of 2 years. This article presents non-linear, fully coupled modeling of both fields utilizing a parallel version of the simple finite elements (SIFEL) computer code. Its cogency is validated against experimentally obtained data that serve as inputs for the second stage of a thermo-mechanical analysis—the detailed and mechanics-oriented simulations of the bridge as a whole.     

Hydraulic Evaluation of the Design and Operation of Ancient Rome's Anio Novus Aqueduct

This paper evaluates conveyance and flow characteristics for the Anio Novus, the aqueduct bringing water from the greatest distance to ancient Rome. Travertine accumulations, deposited from water on floor and walls, were used to reconstruct the flow rate and associated spatial and temporal variations. Hydraulic quantities (e.g., flow depth and velocity) markedly varied over the course of the aqueduct, implying that constraints such as topography and construction techniques were combined with hydraulic considerations to determine the aqueduct layout. Design practices differed along the aqueduct and channel size design was not based exclusively on anticipated carrying capacity, tending towards larger‐than‐necessary design based on experience.     

微生物诱导矿化修复阿尔寨石窟红砂岩壁面酥碱病害试验研究

阿尔寨石窟寺是内蒙古地区规模最大且保存最为完整的石窟寺建筑群,其蕴含了珍贵的关于历史、宗教、科学、文化的艺术价值,被誉为“草原上的敦煌”。由于当地典型的沙旱寒区气候特征,酥碱成为石窟壁面最为严重的病害之一,目前阿尔寨石窟正处于保护阶段,因此通过室内对病害进行模拟和研究尤为重要。本研究通过微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术,对以红砂岩风化土为基质的壁面的酥碱病害进行修复,通过激光粒度分析了病害前后土颗粒粒径的变化,提出酥碱高度、酥粉体积、盐壳厚度的量化指标用以评价病害的发展程度。基于微生物矿化技术生成矿化覆膜对病害进行抑制,推荐使用微生物菌液浓度OD₆₀₀大于1.5的具有耐盐碱性能的矿化菌株,修复后酥碱高度下降幅度大于20%,酥粉体积下降幅度大于30%,盐壳厚度下降幅度大于25%。研究成果对生物矿化技术应用于红砂岩石窟壁面的酥碱病害的修复进行试验验证和可行性评估,为绿色生态环保的岩壁病害修复与加固技术的推广应用进行科学预研。     

区域气候旅游资源评价方法初探

以山东气候旅游资源为例,应用专家意见法和层次分析法相结合的方法,对区域旅游资源的评价方法作了初步尝试,试图为区域气侯旅游资源的评价探讨出一种切实可行的评价方法。     

Bone density determination of moose skeletal remains from Isle Royale National Park using digital image enhancement and quantitative computed tomography (QCT)

As part of an investigation of prey vulnerability in Isle Royale National Park, MI, digital image processing techniques were used to enhance original quantitative computed tomography (QCT) film products to detail the processes of bone resorption and reformation in skeletal remains of moose (Alces alces). Integration of these two allied imaging technologies allowed analyses of pixels representing fractions of millimetres of bone. Using regression analysis, linear conversions from the pixel digital numbers (DN) to QCT Hounsfield units (HU) to actual bone mineral density (BMD) values were calculated (r²=0.99), and a scale of pixels per millimetre of bone was determined. The colour-enhanced image revealed quantifiable patterns of density, porosity and asymmetry. In addition, the procedure provided a quick but consistent methodology for evaluating numerous scans. Combining the limited use of a high-demand and expensive medical QCT scanner with a lower cost, readily available digital image processing and analysis system provides a technique for researchers to investigate the bone integrity of individual animals and populations. This method of evaluating bone density has implications for use in determining differential skeletal part-preservation in archaeofaunal studies. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.