Where Have All the Children Gone?: The Archaeology of Childhood

Current images portray childhood as primarily a time of play and learning, de-emphasizing children's economic contributions and relegating them, like women, to the less-visible realm of the home. Ethnographic and historic literature amply demonstrates that age categories are constructs and, thus, exhibit considerable temporal and cross-cultural variability. Nevertheless, archaeologists have tended to ignore prehistoric children, perhaps viewing them as only peripheral to central research concerns, or to treat them stereotypically. The archaeological record provides opportunities for the exploration of numerous aspects of childhood and archaeologists are encouraged to respond to the challenge.     

国外对城市康体保护空间的研究

对城市康体保护空间的研究涉及医学地理学、健康地理学(或保健地理学)。前者重在探讨如地方病、癌症等的地理生态、地理流行特点、环境病因和疾病制图等领域。中国在此方面的研究已处于世界前列,特别是地理化学因素与地方病和癌症等的病因研究更为突出[2]。后者探讨社群总体健康水平与环境的关系。城市社会地理学出于对城市生活空间质量的探源,研究城市不同区位(或社区)康体保护的水平以及对社区的管制。国外对此方面的研究也可称为城市保健地理。由于国外发达国家已进入高消费阶段,对城市空间的康体性有了很高的期望,因此,在此方面的研究处于领先地位。其创新之处在于,摆脱了传统的与健康有关的城市宏观物资条件的分析,综合与康体有关的社群、行为、管理与社会经济因素的研究,引发了对城市保健地理方面的全面审视。本文在总结国外最新的文献和资料的基础上,从探讨城市生活空间质量水平的角度,全面对城市康体保护空间研究的内容进行总结,并力图用模式的形式表述出来。     

西藏城镇发展环境分析

西藏特殊的地理位置、自然条件、发展历史和地域文化构成了其独特的发展环境,环境的特殊性深刻地影响着西藏区域发展及城镇建设的历史、现在和未来。本文分析了西藏城镇发展的自然环境、历史文化背景和社会经济环境等方面较为突出的特征,据此提出了今后西藏城镇发展和建设应该重视和解决的七个方面问题及其解决思路。     

遗产资源价值评估的社会文化视角

自然遗产资源包含生态、经济和社会文化价值。文化遗产资源具有多功能、多属性和多价值特征。目前人们对遗产资源的生态、经济价值研究较多,而对其社会文化价值关注较少。遗产资源价值评估的社会文化视角,旨在将目前广泛流行的定量化评价体系引向一个由公众争论、博弈,定量、定性评价相组合的研究领域,这将会丰富我们对遗产资源重要性的理解。本文从社会文化角度,分析遗产资源的价值构成及其评估问题,并对遗产资源的功能和使命进行了分析。     

中国入境旅游业时空变异机制的定量分析

改革开放以来,中国入境旅游业取得了举世注目的成绩,中国目前已经成为世界上最受欢迎的旅游目的地之一,但是中国各个省域入境旅游业的发展却存在着很大的时空差异。本文针对1978年以来中国入境旅游业发展的5个阶段,用各省旅游外汇收入作为被解释变量,用回归分析方法来判定造成时空差异的主要影响因素。本文选取经济发展水平、旅游资源、区位条件、惯性因素和优惠政策五个定量指标,构建了两组定量模型:CSM1和CSM2,分别对中国入境旅游业发展的五个时期进行回归分析。结果表明,中国入境旅游业的时空变异,在上世纪80年代主要是由区位因素驱动的,在1990年代是由政策因素驱动的,而在新世纪开始则是由资金因素驱动的,模型较好地揭示了不同时期中国入境游业的时空变异特征。     

我国西部地区大中城市投资环境评价与分析

区域开发的国际和国内经验表明,大中城市是西部大开发的重点地区和投资的优先区位,改善大中城市投资环境则是实施西部大开发战略的重要途径。本文运用因子分析方法,基于spss 10.0对统计数据进行处理,对我国西部32个大中城市的投资环境进行综合评价,根据综合因子得分和排序结果进行类型划分与分类评析,旨在为西部各大中城市改善投资环境和国内外投资者的投资决策提供科学依据。     

Gender-informed archaeology: The priority of definition, the use of analogy, and the multivariate approach

Despite recent efforts to construct gender theory in archaeology, I assert that no methodological or theoretical breakthroughs have occurred. This lack of progress is due to several factors. First, fundamental terms such as “theory,” “gender,” and “sex” have been used inconsistently; I suggest some working definitions for these terms. Second, researchers have resorted to the use of analogical arguments that implicitly deny the role of gender in the organization of human relations. Third, feminist political agendas have been conflated with research questions. In order to address some of these issues, I suggest that the application of a multivariate approach to the study of gender can avoid the problems inherent in any one line of evidence. Finally, I argue that a consideration of the scale of gender questions is essential to the application of existing theoretical frameworks to gender archaeologically.     

木材在PEG法处理过程中收缩原因的研究

论述了PEG法处理木质文物过程中造成木材收缩的原因。讨论了木材含水率、浸泡温度、PEG分子量以及其浓度变化梯度等因素与木材收缩的关系。还介绍了弥补PEG法不足的一些简单方法。     

Identifying metro station types based on transfer purposes: An application of bike-sharing data in Xiamen,China

With the networking of urban rail transit and the large-scale development of bike-sharing, metro and bike-sharing connection has become the preferred way of daily travel for residents of Xiamen. Current studies mainly identify metro station types based on node and place orientation, lacking behaviour-based investigation. To fill this gap, this study aims to explore the classification of metro stations based on transfer purposes by combining bike-sharing and point of interest data in Xiamen, using buffer analysis, kernel density estimation, and DBSCAN clustering algorithm comprehensively. The results indicate the following. (1) Distinct transfer purposes have significant agglomeration characteristics and present poly-centric spatial pattern, an authentic portrayal of Xiamen's land use function. (2) The heterogeneity of connection flow between different transfer purposes and metro stations is apparent. The distribution of flow and flow direction within the same transfer purpose is also in non-equilibrium. (3) Based on traffic connection analysis, metro stations are divided into seven types: transportation hub, employment-oriented, residence-oriented, job-housing balance, school-oriented, traffic-tourism integration, and business connection types. The obtained results assist in improving the transportation connection environment, perfecting urban land use planning, and enhancing low-carbon and green travel.     

The importance of communal forests in carbon storage: Using and destabilizing carbon measurement in understanding Guatemala's payments for ecosystem services

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are a conservation initiative that offer payments to people who own or manage lands that provide desired ecosystem services. Utilizing mixed methods, I examine how PES in the form of government-issued forestry incentives interact with land tenure to affect carbon storage in Guatemala's Western Highlands. Land tenure is a larger determining factor for carbon storage than payments, as communal forests managed by Indigenous Maya K'iche' communities have significantly higher carbon stocks than private landholdings in these same communities. No statistically significant differences were found in carbon stocks between incentivized and non-incentivized plots, and participants enrolled only a fraction of their land, likely prioritizing enrollment of degraded plots. These results indicate the importance of using both social and physical science methods to understand the physical outcomes and social context of forest management. I also reflect on why carbon storage is often prioritized, drawing on a critical physical geography framework to analyze carbon accounting methods. Measuring carbon storage gives us the tools to describe the success of communal forest management, yet I also caution relying on the quantification of ecosystem services as a method for landscape valuation and suggest avoiding prioritizing carbon storage and sequestration.