国外旅游的社会文化影响研究进展

旅游的社会文化影响研究在西方开始于20世纪60年代,几十年来积累了大量的研究案例,理论、方法也日臻完善。文章根据国外学者在研究思路、使用方法等方面的不同,把四十年来的研究分为60、70年代的定性描述、片面评价阶段;80年代的细分、量化研究阶段;90年代后的跨学科、多方法相结合阶段,分别介绍了各时期的主要观点、研究方法、重要论著,并进行了简要的分析评价。认为把旅游现象放在大的社会背景中,注重旅游业的特点进行跨学科、综合的研究是今后旅游的社会文化影响研究应该努力的方向。     

A study by thermal treatment and X-ray powder diffraction on burnt fragmented bones from tombs II,IV and IX belonging to the hypogeic necropolis of “Sa Figu” near Ittiri,Sassari (Sardinia,Italy)

In the course of an anthropological investigation of three tombs of the hypogeic necropolis of “Sa Figu” (near the village of Ittiri in North Sardinia, Italy), numerous burnt bone fragments were collected. In particular, from the whole necropolis we selected a tenth of long bones from tomb IV, a small fragment of femur from tomb II and four fragments belonging to tomb IX. The aim of this work is to determine a temperature range to which the bone fragments were heated, in order to assess a funerary cremation which was presumably used at that time to quickly and hygienically eliminate the flashy parts of deceased people rather than a purification rite with fires inside the sepulchres. We attempted to evaluate the range of temperature to which the bones were likely subjected, making a joint use of thermal treatment and powder X-ray diffraction investigations. From our X-ray line broadening results carried out with a modern approach (Rietveld method), it emerged that a group of five fragmented burnt bones (one specimen belonging to tomb IV, the other four from tomb IX) were subjected to a heat treatment in a temperature range from 600 and 750 °C. Conversely another group of bones (belonging to tombs II and IV) turned out to be subjected to temperatures not higher than 250 °C.     

抗美援朝战争与中国建设大后方国防战略思想的形成

一个国家战略后方物质和精神力量的强弱程度对战争的胜负产生着决定性的影响。本文主要阐述了中国在抗美援朝战争中认识到加强战略后方建设的重大意义 ,并通过战争实践及战后形成的军事战略态势逐步形成了独具特色的中国建设大后方国防战略思想。     

文化区域分类的定量讨论

考古学家对文化区域类型的区分主要通过器物特征和器物组合关系的变化来把握相对年代和空间分布形态,具有较强的直观性和经验性。本文在考古分类中引入了定量分析的方法,并结合具体材料进行了实例尝试,以期使考古学区系类型的建立更趋科学和完善。     

重庆城市体系的结构研究

本文讨论了重庆城市建设发展的总特征,分析了城市体系发展中规模结构工业职能的空间结构所存在的主要问题,提出了进一步推动重庆城市体系建设发展的战略研究。     

Constructive comments on D Massey 'Space-time, "science" and the relationship between physical geography and human geography:rsquo;

This paper provides a discussion of Massey's (1999) account of the role of space-time in human and physical geography. Recognizing the relative (but not absolute) paucity of comment from physical geographers on questions of approach and method, the paper seeks to demonstrate three things. First, it casts a history of a narrow part of geomorphology in a similar vein to a part of human geography to demonstrate that it is possible to find strong shared characteristics in the ways in which the two subjects are being approached. This emphasizes the importance of analyses that recognize both space and time in seeking explanation in physical geography and which has important implications for: (i) the nature of laws and processes in geomorphology; and hence (ii) the interpretation of specific landforms and their histories. Second, the paper argues that much of what Massey addresses relates to the closure required to make things amenable to study, something that is characteristic of almost every type of research. This has long been acknowledged in science in general and in physical geography in particular, but is often forgotten. Third, the paper uses this consideration of closure to address the issue of the relational nature of different sorts of space-time models. Following Massey's argument that the sort of space-time model that we adopt needs to be informed by the entities that we study, the paper concludes that some of the space-time models that Massey critiques (e.g. classical Newtonian mechanics) may still be fundamental to what we do, and in no sense necessarily ahistorical.     

三峡地区次生堆积剖析的考古学实践

一、前言 在田野考古发掘过程中,经常遇到的地层学现象是“早期堆积在下面,晚期堆积在上面;晚期的堆积叠压或打破早期的堆积。”①但是,考古实践中也有与此相反的情况,即上文化层及遗物早于下文化层及遗物,呈现出一种与常规地层学相悖的现象。这就不能不引起我们的思考。     

论范晔的史学思想

范晔以系统的、整体的思想审视历史 ,又以发展的、变易的观点看待历史。他从正统思想出发 ,把东汉王朝看成是因应天命的正统政权 ,以民本思想论评东汉史事 ,以儒家伦理评判东汉的历史人物。范晔的史学思想是极为广泛的 ,与汉代史家相比 ,其史学思想的伦理性更加突出。     

二十四节气形成年代考

二十四节气是我国传统历法的中心内容之一,它不但包含着我国古代劳动人民对农业气候的精辟认识,而且准确地反映了由于地球公转而形成的日地关系,成为掌握农事季节的可靠依据。本从甲骨、古籍献入手,结合有关考古材料,考定二十四节气大致萌芽于夏商时期,在战国时期已基本形成,并于秦汉之时趋向完善并定型。     

Stone Tool Research at the End of the Millennium: Classification, Function, and Behavior

This is the second of the two papers that review the literature of archaeological lithic analysis over the last decade. This paper concentrates on aspects of stone tool research that are not directly related to the production or procurement of the tools themselves. It is divided into classification, functional analyses, behavioral processes, and approaches to the subject currently popular among analysts. As with the previous paper, an attempt has been made to be as comprehensive as is reasonable, though availability of sources has resulted in an emphasis on North American literature.